Question 1

If George believes in a "state of nature",where people must fend for themselves rather than give up the freedom to do as they please,and in return receive a guarantee that other individuals will curb their behavior,he would most likely be rejecting the ________ ethical theory.

Accepted Answer

The belief in a "state of nature" and the need for individuals to fend for themselves rather than give up freedom is a rejection of the social contract ethical theory. The social contract theory holds that individuals give up some of their freedom in exchange for protection and security provided by the state. George's beliefs go against this idea and advocate for complete individual freedom without any social contract or agreement with others.

Question 2

________ is a vision of society in which competition for wealth is the only recognized value and virtually all social decisions are left to unregulated markets...It is a world in which..."everything [is] for sale."

Accepted Answer

The scenario described fits the definition of neoliberalism, which advocates for free markets and limited government intervention. This often results in prioritizing economic competition and valuing everything based on its economic worth.

Question 3

While the law protects our rights,only ethical principles can stop us from doing something that is wrong.

Accepted Answer

Both law and ethical principles play roles in guiding behavior; laws provide a legal framework of right and wrong, while ethics offer a moral compass. Neither can fully prevent wrongdoing alone.

Question 4

The social contract ethical theory:

Accepted Answer

The social contract ethical theory states that to live harmoniously, people must give up certain rights and freedoms. This means that there is an agreement between members of a society to surrender some individual freedoms and abide by certain rules or laws for the betterment of the group as a whole.

Question 5

Living an ethical lifestyle means simply doing what is legal.

Accepted Answer

Living an ethical lifestyle involves doing what is morally right, not just what is legally permissible.

Question 6

The ethic of ________ must be practiced by individuals because individuals can never foresee the result of their actions.

Accepted Answer

The ethic of ultimate ends refers to acting according to one's principles or beliefs, regardless of the consequences, because individuals cannot predict the outcomes of their actions.

Question 7

________ consist of rules of conduct established by the government of a society to maintain harmony,stability,and justice.

Accepted Answer

Laws are rules established by the government to maintain order and justice in a society. Morals and values are personal beliefs and principles, while ethics refer to the principles of conduct that an individual or group should follow in a professional setting.

Question 8

Which of the following do positive law theory and natural law theory have in common?

Accepted Answer

Both positive law theory and natural law theory rely on an external source for their understanding of law, morality, and rights. Positive law theory looks to the laws and regulations that are established by society and enforced by the state, while natural law theory looks to a higher, universal law that is discovered through reason and intuition. Both reject the idea of subjective or relativistic morality, instead looking for objective standards that apply to all individuals. However, they differ in their ultimate source of authority, with positive law theory emphasizing the role of the state, and natural law theory emphasizing the role of natural law or divine law.

Question 9

Martin Luther King,Jr.refused to obey the injunction in Birmingham in the early 1960s that prohibited King from speaking publicly merely because he was black.He was jailed for his disobedience.King felt that there was a higher law than the law of the land.King's actions were most likely based on a(n)________ ethical model.

Accepted Answer

Martin Luther King Jr.'s actions were based on the natural law ethical model, which holds that there is a higher moral law that transcends the laws of governments and societies. King believed that segregation laws were a violation of natural law and that he had a moral obligation to resist them.

Question 10

If Anthony is concerned only with corporate benefits and problems,rather than the benefits and problems that will result for others outside the boardroom,he most likely believes in:

Accepted Answer

Utility thinking, also known as utilitarianism, is a philosophical approach that focuses on maximizing utility, or happiness, for the greatest number of people. In this case, Anthony is only concerned with the benefits and problems that will impact the corporation, which can be seen as an attempt to maximize utility for the corporation and its stakeholders. This approach may not take into account the impact on others outside the corporation, such as the environment, society, or other stakeholders who are not directly involved in corporate decisions.

Question 11

In 2005,a new doctrine called ________,declares that the leadership of every nation has a definitive duty to protect its own people from four major threats,genocide,war crimes,ethnic cleansing and crimes against humanity.

Accepted Answer

The doctrine of Responsibility to Protect (R2P) was declared in 2005 and it states that every nation has a definitive duty to protect its own people from four major threats - genocide, war crimes, ethnic cleansing, and crimes against humanity. This doctrine was endorsed by the United Nations General Assembly and has been used as a basis for international intervention in cases of gross human rights violations. The other options (B, C, and D) do not relate to the specific doctrine mentioned in the question.

Question 12

Developing,formulating,and applying rules in line with our values is the job of:

Accepted Answer

Ethics is the branch of philosophy that deals with moral principles and values. Developing, formulating, and applying rules in line with our values is essential to ethical decision-making. Conduct refers to behavior, law is a system of rules enforced by a society, and rationalism is a philosophical approach to knowledge and understanding. None of these options are as directly related to developing and applying ethical rules and values as ethics itself.

Question 13

According to the ethical system of ________,ethical values can be determined by a proper application of human reason.

Accepted Answer

The ethical system described in the statement is rational ethics, which holds that ethical values can be determined using human reason. Natural law ethics believes in the existence of objective moral laws that can be discovered through human reasoning and observation of the natural world. Market value ethics is based on the free market and competition, with ethical decisions based on what will bring the greatest economic value. Utilitarianism focuses on maximizing overall happiness or well-being, often through the balancing of the benefits and harms of actions. Only rational ethics matches the description given in the statement.

Question 14

If the only question a corporate manager asks before she takes an action is whether the benefit to the shareholders will outweigh the cost to the corporation,she would most likely using a(n)________ ethical model.

Accepted Answer

The question implies that the corporate manager is solely concerned with maximizing the utility (or overall benefit) for the shareholders, which is a characteristic of the utility thinking ethical model. This model is not concerned with moral rules or duties, but rather with maximizing overall benefits and minimizing overall costs for affected parties.

Question 15

If Samantha believes that the primary way to judge whether an action is right or wrong is to use quantification as the primary tool for determining value,she would believe in:

Accepted Answer

The answer of If Samantha believes that the primary way...

Question 16

________ sees the morality of an action is determined by its ultimate effects.

Accepted Answer

Utilitarianism is a moral theory that holds the morality of an action is determined by its ultimate effects. It seeks to maximize the overall happiness or pleasure of the greatest number of people, also known as the principle of utility. This means the consequences of an action should be weighed to determine if it brings about the greatest happiness for the greatest number of individuals affected by the action.

Question 17

Political scientist and philosopher,Michael Sandel,warns that our tendency to evaluate everything based on money creates two insidious results-injustice and corruption.Here,Sandel is most likely critiquing which ethical theory?

Accepted Answer

Sandel is critiquing the idea of evaluating everything based on their market value, or the monetary worth assigned to them. This aligns with the theory of Market Value Ethics, which suggests that the worth of something is based solely on its market value. Sandel argues that this way of thinking leads to injustice and corruption.

Question 18

________ are values that govern a society's attitude toward right and wrong and toward good and evil.

Accepted Answer

Morals are values that govern a society's attitude toward right and wrong and toward good and evil.

Question 19

According to neoliberalism,or ethical relativism:

Accepted Answer

Ethical relativism posits that there are no universal or objective standards of morality; rather, moral principles are relative to individuals, cultures, and societies. This means that what is considered right or wrong can vary widely depending on one's personal or cultural perspective.

Question 20

________ is a philosophical theory that says ethical values can be determined by a proper application of human reason.

Accepted Answer

Rational ethics is the philosophical theory that ethical values can be determined by a proper application of human reason, as opposed to relying on religious beliefs or cultural traditions. It emphasizes the importance of rational and logical thinking in determining what is right or wrong, just or unjust.

Quiz 1: Ethics,social Responsibility,and the Law