Question 1

The most important factor in setting our internal 24-hour biological clock is bright light,which signals the brain's _____ to decrease its production of _____.

Accepted Answer

The suprachiasmatic nucleus is responsible for controlling the body's biological clock, and bright light signals the nucleus to decrease its production of melatonin, a hormone that regulates sleep. A, B, and D are not involved in the regulation of the biological clock or the production of melatonin.

Question 2

The phenomenon called social jet lag refers to the fact that people today:

Accepted Answer

Social jet lag refers to the discrepancy between a person's natural sleep schedule and their actual sleep schedule due to social demands and commitments, such as work, school, or social activities. This phenomenon has been found to be more prevalent in modern times, as people today often have busy and irregular schedules, leading to a lack of consistent sleep patterns. As a result, people may be sleeping less than their counterparts did 100 years ago.

Question 3

A recent meta-analysis investigating the effectiveness of mHealth interventions in promoting physical activity found that mHealth interventions were:

Accepted Answer

The meta-analysis found that mHealth interventions were associated with a minor decrease in sedentary behavior and a moderate increase in physical activity. This means that while the interventions were effective in promoting physical activity, the increase was not significant enough to be considered a major impact.

Question 4

The human sleep cycle repeats itself about every:

Accepted Answer

The human sleep cycle repeats itself about every 90 minutes. This cycle includes both non-REM sleep and REM sleep, with each stage lasting a different amount of time. Non-REM stages make up the majority of sleep time, with stage 1 lasting a few minutes, stage 2 lasting about 20 minutes, and stage 3 lasting about 30 minutes. REM sleep usually occurs in cycles of about 90 minutes, with each REM stage generally getting longer as the night progresses.

Question 5

Which of these is NOT a stated benefit of exercising for older adults?

Accepted Answer

Increased respiratory functioning is actually a stated benefit of exercise for older adults, as it can improve lung capacity and reduce the risk of respiratory illnesses. Therefore, the option that is NOT a stated benefit of exercise for older adults is B) increased respiratory functioning.

Question 6

After a nonstop flight from California to Maine,Delphine experienced a restless,sleepless night.This was probably caused by a disruption of her normal:

Accepted Answer

A disruption in her sleep pattern after a nonstop flight is most likely due to a disturbance in her circadian rhythm, which regulates our sleep-wake cycles.

Question 7

Large and very slow delta waves are especially likely to be associated with:

Accepted Answer

Large and very slow delta waves are characteristic of NREM-3 sleep, also known as slow-wave sleep. NREM-1 and NREM-2 sleep are associated with smaller and faster brain waves. REM sleep is characterized by rapid eye movements and increased brain activity similar to wakefulness.

Question 8

With the approach of night,a person's body temperature begins to drop.This illustrates the dynamics of the:

Accepted Answer

The fact that a person's body temperature begins to drop with the approach of night indicates that this person's body is following a circadian rhythm. In other words, the body's internal clock is regulating its physiological function of temperature regulation in response to changes in light and dark cycles throughout the day. The other options listed (dopamine reward system, REM/NREM cycle, basal metabolic rate) do not directly relate to the regulation of body temperature in response to circadian rhythms.

Question 9

Animal studies show that aerobic exercise promotes learning and performance by increasing _____ in the brain,which stimulates neurogenesis.

Accepted Answer

Growth factors are signaling molecules in the brain that promote cell growth and division, including the creation of new neurons. Aerobic exercise has been shown to increase the production of growth factors in the brain, leading to increased neurogenesis and improved learning and performance.

Question 10

The rhythmic bursts of brain activity that occur during NREM-2 sleep are called:

Accepted Answer

The rhythmic bursts of brain activity that occur during NREM-2 sleep are called sleep spindles. Alpha waves are associated with relaxed wakefulness or meditative states, delta waves typically occur during the deepest stages of sleep, and K-complex waves are sudden, high-amplitude bursts of brain activity that occur during NREM-2 sleep in response to external stimuli.

Question 11

The theory of _____ has been used to explain how social norms and perceived behavioral control guide our exercise behaviors.

Accepted Answer

The theory of planned behavior suggests that individuals' exercise behavior is determined by their attitudes toward the behavior, subjective norms, and perceived behavioral control. It emphasizes the importance of perceived control and the influence of social norms on behavior. The theory also suggests that intentions are the direct determinants of behavior, and individual's attitudes towards exercise, social norms, and perceived behavioral control shape their intentions.

Question 12

The dozing,half-awake stage of sleep is:

Accepted Answer

NREM-1 sleep is a light stage of sleep where one may experience hypnic jerks and feel half-awake/half-asleep.

Question 13

Your friend fell asleep on your couch about an hour ago.You look over and you notice fast and jerky movements of his eyes.Which stage of sleep is he MOST likely experiencing?

Accepted Answer

Fast and jerky eye movements are characteristic of REM sleep, which is also known as rapid eye movement sleep.

Question 14

Omar has decided to go to bed early.Although his eyes are closed and he's very relaxed,he has not yet fallen asleep.An EEG would most likely indicate the presence of:

Accepted Answer

Alpha waves are present when a person is relaxed but not yet falling asleep. Delta waves are present during deep sleep. Sleep spindles and rapid eye movements are characteristic of different stages of sleep.

Question 15

During the course of a full night's sleep,people are most likely to spend more time in:

Accepted Answer

During a full night's sleep, people spend more time in REM sleep than in NREM-3 sleep. REM sleep periods increase in duration in the later sleep cycles, while NREM-3 sleep, also known as deep sleep, decreases in duration as the night progresses.

Question 16

Bill finds it very difficult to start an exercise program because he hates the unpleasant feelings of stiffness and sore muscles that he is sure he will experience at the beginning of each workout.Bill is evidently experiencing:

Accepted Answer

Bill is experiencing forecasting myopia, which means he is focusing too much on the short-term discomfort of starting an exercise program rather than the long-term benefits. This is preventing him from starting an exercise program. Low exercise self-efficacy would refer to a lack of confidence in one's ability to exercise, while low self-esteem would refer to a negative perception of oneself overall. Aerobic anxiety is a term used to describe the fear or nervousness individuals may experience before starting an exercise program or during exercise.

Question 17

One of the ways the prevalence of obesity can be decreased among people in low SES neighborhoods is by:

Accepted Answer

Increasing the number of local safe playgrounds can encourage physical activity among residents, which can help reduce obesity rates.

Question 18

Adolescents today average _____ sleep each night than that averaged by their grandparents as teenagers.

Accepted Answer

Adolescents today generally average two hours less sleep each night compared to their grandparents when they were teenagers, due to factors like increased screen time and lifestyle changes.

Question 19

About half of the sleep of full-term newborns is:

Accepted Answer

It is estimated that about 50% of a full-term newborn's sleep is spent in REM sleep.

Question 20

During which stage of sleep is the brain's motor cortex active,while the muscles remain relaxed?

Accepted Answer

During REM sleep, the brain's motor cortex is active while the muscles remain relaxed, which allows for vivid dreaming.

Quiz 7: Exercise, Sleep, and Injury Control

The most important factor in setting our internal 24-hour biological clock is bright light,which signals the brain's _ to decrease its production of _.