Question 1

The fight-or-flight response involves an outpouring of _____ into the bloodstream.

Accepted Answer

The fight-or-flight response involves the sympathetic nervous system stimulating the release of epinephrine (adrenaline) and cortisol from the adrenal glands, which are then released into the bloodstream. These hormones prepare the body for intense physical activity and alertness in response to perceived threat or stress.

Question 2

Josh is a participant in a study in which prompts from his smartphone require him to report on his mood,social interactions,and other variables throughout the day.Evidently,the study he is participating in is making use of the procedure called:

Accepted Answer

The described procedure of requesting frequent and immediate reports from a participant's smartphone is known as ecological momentary assessment, which is often used in psychological research to capture real-time data about a participant's experiences and behaviors. The other choices (360-degree feedback, noncontingent signal recording, and objective-structured examination) refer to different assessment methodologies that are not directly related to this procedure.

Question 3

Under instructions from the _____,the _____ gland(s)release hormones that cause the fight-or-flight response.

Accepted Answer

The fight-or-flight response is triggered by the sympathetic nervous system and involves the release of hormones from the adrenal glands, specifically adrenaline and noradrenaline. The hypothalamus plays a role in activating the sympathetic nervous system, but it does not directly release hormones. The parathyroid and thyroid glands are not involved in the fight-or-flight response.

Question 4

The fight-or-flight response:

Accepted Answer

The fight-or-flight response involves arousal of the sympathetic nervous system and the endocrine system, which prepares the body to deal with a perceived threat. Arousal of the parasympathetic nervous system would have the opposite effect, promoting relaxation and reducing arousal. Also, there are individual differences in the intensity and duration of the fight-or-flight response depending on factors such as genetics, environment, and past experiences. Therefore, Option C is the correct answer.

Question 5

Running like a rope through the middle of the brainstem,the _____ plays a central role in alerting the brain to an impending threat or challenge.

Accepted Answer

The reticular formation runs through the middle of the brainstem and plays a central role in alerting the brain to an impending threat or challenge by regulating arousal and attention. The hypothalamus is involved in regulating basic survival functions like hunger, thirst, and sex drive. The thalamus acts as a relay station for sensory information. The limbic system is a group of structures involved in emotion, motivation, and memory formation.

Question 6

Corticosteroids are:

Accepted Answer

Corticosteroids are hormones produced by the adrenal cortex that have various effects on the body, including reducing inflammation and triggering the release of stored energy. This makes them useful in treating conditions such as asthma and autoimmune disorders. A, B, and D are incorrect as they do not accurately describe corticosteroids.

Question 7

In response to a potential stressor perceived by the sense organs,the _____ alerts the brain to an impending threat or challenge.

Accepted Answer

The answer of In response to a potential stressor perceived...

Question 8

Protein molecules produced by immune cells that can bind to receptor sites on brain cells and trigger nerve impulses are called:

Accepted Answer

Protein molecules produced by immune cells that can bind to receptor sites on brain cells and trigger nerve impulses are called cytokines. Neurotransmitters are molecules produced by nerve cells to communicate with other nerve cells or muscles. Erythrocytes are red blood cells that transport oxygen. Leukocytes are white blood cells that are involved in immune function.

Question 9

Illnesses and conditions that are more prevalent in men are associated with _____,whereas illnesses and conditions that are more prevalent in women are associated with _____.

Accepted Answer

Studies have shown that illnesses and conditions that are more prevalent in men, such as cardiovascular disease and substance abuse, are associated with greater spikes in cortisol and HPA reactivity. On the other hand, illnesses and conditions that are more prevalent in women, such as depression and autoimmune disorders, are associated with hypocortisolism and difficulty returning to homeostasis. In other words, men tend to have a heightened stress response, while women tend to have a blunted stress response. Choice A accurately reflects this difference.

Question 10

The condition of _____,as well as being a more prolonged activation of the _____ system,has been linked to the rate of cognitive decline in people with Alzheimer's disease.

Accepted Answer

Hyperactivity of the HPA (hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal) axis and an increase in cortisol levels (hypercortisolism) have been linked to the rate of cognitive decline in people with Alzheimer's disease. The SAM (sympathetic-adrenal-medullary) system, on the other hand, is responsible for the immediate "fight or flight" response and is not as directly involved in cognitive decline in Alzheimer's disease.

Question 11

Unrelenting stress can damage the _____,causing levels of the hormone _____ to spiral upward.

Accepted Answer

The hippocampus is responsible for regulating stress response, and unrelenting stress can damage the hippocampus, causing levels of the stress hormone cortisol to spiral upward. The other options do not accurately describe the relationship between stress and hormones.

Question 12

The sympatho-adreno-medullary (SAM)axis _____,whereas the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenocortical (HPA)axis _____.

Accepted Answer

The answer of The sympatho-adreno-medullary (SAM)axis _____,whereas the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenocortical (HPA)axis...

Question 13

Ader and Cohen's research was instrumental in developing the new field of biomedical research known as:

Accepted Answer

Ader and Cohen's research focused on the interactions between the nervous system, the endocrine system, and the immune system. This interdisciplinary field is now known as psychoneuroimmunology. Option A, allopathic medicine, refers to traditional Western medicine. Option B, behavioral medicine, focuses on the psychological and behavioral aspects of medical conditions. Option C, pharmacokinetics, is the study of how drugs are absorbed, distributed, metabolized, and eliminated by the body. None of these options accurately describe Ader and Cohen's research or their contribution to the field of biomedical research.

Question 14

Dr.Kbenga wants to effectively and efficiently measure the levels of stress hormones related to a stressful research lab task,as well as making sure that the results are reliable and quantifiable.Which procedure would be the BEST one to use to garner the desired results?

Accepted Answer

Norepinephrine is a hormone that is released in response to stress, and it can be measured accurately in a blood sample. While cortisol can also be a good measure of stress hormones, it can be affected by many factors other than stress. Epinephrine and insulin also have possible confounds in measurement. Therefore, C is the best choice for Dr. Kbenga's desired results.

Question 15

Psychoneuroimmunology is a field that focuses on:

Accepted Answer

Psychoneuroimmunology focuses on how psychological factors such as stress, personality, and emotions can affect immunity through the neuroendocrine system. It is the study of the interactions between the nervous system, endocrine system, and immune system, and how they work together to affect our health and well-being.

Question 16

The tendency to maintain a balanced or constant internal state of physiological functioning is called:

Accepted Answer

Homeostasis refers to the body's ability to maintain stable and balanced internal conditions, such as body temperature, blood pressure, and hormone levels, to ensure optimal functioning. Self-regulation is a broader concept that includes both physiological and psychological processes. Eustress refers to positive stress that motivates and energizes an individual, while physiological zero is not a recognized term or concept in biology.

Question 17

In one study,researchers found that patients who reported higher levels of preoperative stress before undergoing hernia surgery had:

Accepted Answer

Patients who reported higher levels of preoperative stress before undergoing hernia surgery had slower rates of wound healing.

Question 18

Which structure is NOT involved in the HPA axis?

Accepted Answer

The answer of Which structure is NOT involved in the...

Question 19

Someone experiencing a stressor such as divorce,bereavement,unemployment,or exam periods typically also experiences:

Accepted Answer

Stress has been shown to suppress the immune system, including the suppression of T cells and natural killer cells, as well as an overall decrease in the number of lymphocytes.

Question 20

In Ader and Cohen's taste-aversion experiment with rats,after repeated pairings,the sweet-tasting water functioned as a(n)_____,and the drug it was paired with functioned as a(n)_____.

Accepted Answer

In classical conditioning, the unconditioned stimulus (in this case, the drug) elicits an unconditioned response (in this case, the rats' illness). After repeated pairings with the sweet-tasting water (conditioned stimulus), the sweet-tasting water becomes a conditioned stimulus that elicits a conditioned response (the rats' illness) because it has been associated with the unconditioned stimulus (the drug). Therefore, the sweet-tasting water functions as a conditioned stimulus, and the drug functions as an unconditioned stimulus.

Quiz 4: Stress

The fight-or-flight response involves an outpouring of _____ into the bloodstream.

Josh is a participant in a study in which prompts from his smartphone require him to report on his mood,social interactions,and other variables throughout the day.Evidently,the study he is participating in is making use of the procedure called:

Under instructions from the _,the _ gland(s) release hormones that cause the fight-or-flight response.

The fight-or-flight response:

Running like a rope through the middle of the brainstem,the _____ plays a central role in alerting the brain to an impending threat or challenge.

Corticosteroids are:

In response to a potential stressor perceived by the sense organs,the _____ alerts the brain to an impending threat or challenge.

Protein molecules produced by immune cells that can bind to receptor sites on brain cells and trigger nerve impulses are called:

Illnesses and conditions that are more prevalent in men are associated with _,whereas illnesses and conditions that are more prevalent in women are associated with _.

The condition of _,as well as being a more prolonged activation of the _ system,has been linked to the rate of cognitive decline in people with Alzheimer's disease.

Unrelenting stress can damage the _,causing levels of the hormone _ to spiral upward.

The sympatho-adreno-medullary (SAM) axis _,whereas the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenocortical (HPA) axis _.

Ader and Cohen's research was instrumental in developing the new field of biomedical research known as:

Dr.Kbenga wants to effectively and efficiently measure the levels of stress hormones related to a stressful research lab task,as well as making sure that the results are reliable and quantifiable.Which procedure would be the BEST one to use to garner the desired results?

Psychoneuroimmunology is a field that focuses on:

The tendency to maintain a balanced or constant internal state of physiological functioning is called:

In one study,researchers found that patients who reported higher levels of preoperative stress before undergoing hernia surgery had:

Which structure is NOT involved in the HPA axis?

Someone experiencing a stressor such as divorce,bereavement,unemployment,or exam periods typically also experiences:

In Ader and Cohen's taste-aversion experiment with rats,after repeated pairings,the sweet-tasting water functioned as a(n) _,and the drug it was paired with functioned as a(n) _.

Quiz 4: Stress

The fight-or-flight response involves an outpouring of _____ into the bloodstream.

Josh is a participant in a study in which prompts from his smartphone require him to report on his mood,social interactions,and other variables throughout the day.Evidently,the study he is participating in is making use of the procedure called:

Under instructions from the _____,the _____ gland(s) release hormones that cause the fight-or-flight response.

The fight-or-flight response:

Running like a rope through the middle of the brainstem,the _____ plays a central role in alerting the brain to an impending threat or challenge.

Corticosteroids are:

In response to a potential stressor perceived by the sense organs,the _____ alerts the brain to an impending threat or challenge.

Protein molecules produced by immune cells that can bind to receptor sites on brain cells and trigger nerve impulses are called:

Illnesses and conditions that are more prevalent in men are associated with _____,whereas illnesses and conditions that are more prevalent in women are associated with _____.

The condition of _____,as well as being a more prolonged activation of the _____ system,has been linked to the rate of cognitive decline in people with Alzheimer's disease.

Unrelenting stress can damage the _____,causing levels of the hormone _____ to spiral upward.

The sympatho-adreno-medullary (SAM) axis _____,whereas the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenocortical (HPA) axis _____.

Ader and Cohen's research was instrumental in developing the new field of biomedical research known as:

Dr.Kbenga wants to effectively and efficiently measure the levels of stress hormones related to a stressful research lab task,as well as making sure that the results are reliable and quantifiable.Which procedure would be the BEST one to use to garner the desired results?

Psychoneuroimmunology is a field that focuses on:

The tendency to maintain a balanced or constant internal state of physiological functioning is called:

In one study,researchers found that patients who reported higher levels of preoperative stress before undergoing hernia surgery had:

Which structure is NOT involved in the HPA axis?

Someone experiencing a stressor such as divorce,bereavement,unemployment,or exam periods typically also experiences:

In Ader and Cohen's taste-aversion experiment with rats,after repeated pairings,the sweet-tasting water functioned as a(n) _____,and the drug it was paired with functioned as a(n) _____.

Under instructions from the _,the _ gland(s) release hormones that cause the fight-or-flight response.

Illnesses and conditions that are more prevalent in men are associated with _,whereas illnesses and conditions that are more prevalent in women are associated with _.

The condition of _,as well as being a more prolonged activation of the _ system,has been linked to the rate of cognitive decline in people with Alzheimer's disease.

Unrelenting stress can damage the _,causing levels of the hormone _ to spiral upward.

The sympatho-adreno-medullary (SAM) axis _,whereas the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenocortical (HPA) axis _.

In Ader and Cohen's taste-aversion experiment with rats,after repeated pairings,the sweet-tasting water functioned as a(n) _,and the drug it was paired with functioned as a(n) _.