A statistical indicator of the likelihood of a causal relationship between a specific risk factor and a health outcome is:

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Relative risk is a statistical indicator that compares the risk of developing a health outcome in a group exposed to a risk factor compared to a group not exposed to the risk factor. A higher relative risk indicates a stronger association between the risk factor and the health outcome, indicating a greater likelihood of a causal relationship. Meta-analysis is a method that summarizes the results of multiple studies on the same topic. Effect size describes the magnitude of the association between a risk factor and a health outcome, but does not indicate the likelihood of a causal relationship. Attributable risk estimates the proportion of disease cases that can be attributed to a specific risk factor, but does not directly indicate the likelihood of a causal relationship.

A Statistical Indicator of the Likelihood of a Causal Relationship