Question 1

A benefit of the self-report inventory is that you can see how you compare with others.

Accepted Answer

Self-report inventories often provide normative data or benchmarks that allow individuals to see how their responses compare to the responses of others who have taken the same inventory. This can provide insight into strengths, weaknesses, and areas for potential growth or improvement.

Question 2

Describe and label the components of one instance of classical conditioning that can occur in everyday life.

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Question 3

Humanistic perspectives focus on an optimistic view of human nature.

Accepted Answer

Humanistic perspectives emphasize the potential for people to grow, develop, and improve their lives, reflecting an optimistic view of human nature.

Question 4

Identify and briefly describe three different defense mechanisms,and give an example of each.

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Question 5

Provide an example of cross-cultural similarity and an example of cross-cultural differences in personality.

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Question 6

Frank taught his son Fred to use the toilet by giving him a candy every time Fred made it into the bathroom.This is an example of classical conditioning.

Accepted Answer

This is an example of operant conditioning, where behavior is modified through the use of consequences (rewards or punishments). Classical conditioning involves associating two stimuli together to produce a new learned response.

Question 7

Explain why Freud emphasized sexual and aggressive conflicts.

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Question 8

Hindsight bias is the common tendency to mold one's interpretation of the past to fit how events actually turned out.

Accepted Answer

Hindsight bias is a well-documented phenomenon in psychology where people tend to reinterpret past events to fit with present knowledge or outcomes, even if they did not predict those outcomes at the time.

Question 9

Identify and describe the "Big Five" personality traits.

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Question 10

Describe two examples of genetic and evolution connections to personality.

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Question 11

Discuss the relative strengths and weaknesses of self-report inventories and projective tests for assessing personality.

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Question 12

People's perception of national prototypes tend to be accurate as long as the people within the culture are the ones rating the prototype.

Accepted Answer

People's perceptions of national prototypes, even when rated by individuals within the culture, can be influenced by stereotypes, social norms, and personal experiences, leading to inaccuracies in how accurately these prototypes reflect the actual diversity and complexity of the culture.

Question 13

The ego is guided by social realities.

Accepted Answer

The ego, according to psychoanalytic theory, is the aspect of the personality that balances the impulses of the id with the demands of the external world. Therefore, it is guided by social realities such as laws, cultural norms, and social expectations.

Question 14

According to classical conditioning,saying "relax" every time a gunshot is heard will eventually lead the person to tense when they hear the word "relax."

Accepted Answer

This is an example of stimulus generalization, where the person associates the word "relax" with the previous experience of hearing a gunshot and starts to respond with tension.

Question 15

According to Maslow,most people reach a self-actualized life.

Accepted Answer

According to Maslow's theory of hierarchy of needs, self-actualization is the highest level of human needs, which only a small percentage of people are able to achieve.

Question 16

Compare and contrast Rogers' view of congruence with Maslow's view of self-actualization.

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Question 17

The ego incorporates social standards about right and wrong.

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Question 18

Distinguish between punishment,positive reinforcement,and negative reinforcement,and give an example of each.

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Question 19

Draw Maslow's hierarchy of needs and explain how earning a college education relates to at least three levels.

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Question 20

Personality traits are dependent upon the person's situation.

Accepted Answer

Personality traits are considered relatively stable and consistent aspects of individuals that are not solely dependent on the situation, although situations can influence how traits are expressed.

Quiz 2: Theories of Personality