Question 1

Which of the following is not true of the enteric nervous system?

Accepted Answer

The enteric nervous system is not a subdivision of the somatic nervous system; rather, it is a unique subdivision of the peripheral nervous system that is found entirely within the walls of the digestive tract. It contains both sensory and motor neurons and can function independently, without input from the central nervous system or other parts of the peripheral nervous system.

Question 2

If you are experiencing extreme frustration,your brain is more likely to exhibit which type of wave pattern?

Accepted Answer

D

Question 3

Continuous conduction of the action potential

Accepted Answer

Continuous conduction of the action potential occurs only in unmyelinated axons, where the nerve impulses propagate continuously along the entire length of the axon membrane. In myelinated axons, the action potential jumps rapidly from one node of Ranvier to the next, a process known as saltatory conduction. Saltatory conduction is much faster than continuous conduction.

Question 4

Local potentials

Accepted Answer

Local potentials are small changes in the membrane potential that occur in response to stimulation of a neuron. They are graded, meaning the amplitude of the potential varies with the strength of the stimulus. Local potentials can be depolarizing (moving the membrane potential closer to the threshold for an action potential) or hyperpolarizing (moving the membrane potential further from the threshold for an action potential). If a depolarizing local potential is strong enough, it can activate voltage-gated channels to initiate an action potential. Local potentials do not propagate down the entire length of the axon, but rather they attenuate (weaken) as they spread along the membrane.

Question 5

Which of the following represents the usual progression of brain activity in a normal person falling asleep?

Accepted Answer

In the usual progression of brain activity when a normal person falls asleep, beta waves (associated with wakefulness and concentration) give way to alpha waves (associated with relaxation and the transition between being awake and asleep), which then transition to delta waves (associated with deep sleep).

Question 6

The coccygeal plexus:

Accepted Answer

The coccygeal plexus supplies motor innervation to the muscles of the pelvic floor and sensory cutaneous innervation to the skin over the coccyx. It does not supply sensory cutaneous innervation to the lower leg and ankle. Therefore, choices A and B are correct, but choice C is incorrect.

Question 7

Following neurotransmitter activation of chemically gated channels,

Accepted Answer

When neurotransmitter activates chemically gated channels, sodium ions (Na+) flow into the cell, causing the inside of the membrane to become more positive, generating a local potential. This local potential may or may not be large enough to cause the cell to reach threshold and generate an action potential. The Na+ channels open for a brief time, generating a local current by allowing positively charged ions to enter the cell. Therefore, all of the above (A, B, C, and D) are correct.

Question 8

Which of the following brain wave patterns are observed primarily in deep sleep,infants and patients with severe brain disorders?

Accepted Answer

Delta waves are the slowest brain wave pattern and are observed primarily in deep sleep, infants, and patients with severe brain disorders. Alpha waves are observed when a person is awake but in a relaxed state, while beta waves are associated with normal waking states. Theta waves are observed during light sleep, meditation, and daydreaming. Gamma waves are associated with higher brain functions such as perception and consciousness.

Question 9

Which of the following is not a function of the astrocytes?

Accepted Answer

Astrocytes do not produce the myelin sheath around axons. This is a function of oligodendrocytes in the central nervous system and Schwann cells in the peripheral nervous system. The other choices are all functions of astrocytes, including stimulating nearby neurons, limiting neural damage, generating scar tissue, and inhibiting the activity of nearby neurons.

Question 10

The type of memory that is involved with the development of motor skills such as riding a bike is called:

Accepted Answer

Procedural memory is the type of memory that involves the development of motor skills such as riding a bike. This type of memory is responsible for learning and executing different procedures or skills through repeated practice and is a type of long-term memory. Short term memory, working memory, declarative memory, and explicit memory are not directly related to motor skill development.

Question 11

Voltage - gated ion channels:

Accepted Answer

Voltage-gated ion channels open in response to changes in the membrane potential and are responsible for the generation of the action potential in neurons. Therefore, both A and D are correct. Option B is incorrect because if the channel is always open, there would be no response to changes in the membrane potential. Option C is incorrect because ligand-gated ion channels open in response to neurotransmitters or other chemicals, not voltage-gated ion channels.

Question 12

Which of the following statements about summation in the nervous system is INCORRECT?

Accepted Answer

Spatial summation refers to the combination of signals that are received at different locations on the neuron's membrane, not to their timing. Temporal summation, on the other hand, involves signals that arrive at the same location but at different times.

Question 13

The type of memory that is involved with the retaining of facts such as names or dates as well as associated emotional undertones is called:

Accepted Answer

Declarative memory is the type of memory that involve the retention of facts such as names or dates as well as the associated emotional undertones. Short term memory is a temporary holding place for information, procedural memory involves the retention of skills and automatic behaviors, implicit memory involves the retention of information without conscious awareness, and working memory is a type of short term memory that allows for manipulation of information.

Question 14

Every morning Alessandra sits in a quiet room with her eyes closed and allows her brain to rest before the start of her busy work day.An EEG of her brain would most likely show a higher frequency of which of the following wave types?

Accepted Answer

Alpha waves are typically associated with a relaxed but awake state of mind, which is likely the state Alessandra is in during her morning routine. Beta waves are associated with active thinking and concentration, so they would not be as prominent in this situation. Delta waves are typically seen during deep sleep, and theta waves are associated with drowsiness and daydreaming. Gamma waves are associated with high-level cognitive processing, but would not be expected to be prominent during a restful period of relaxation.

Question 15

Which of the following are major functions of the nervous system?

Accepted Answer

All of the choices listed are major functions of the nervous system. The nervous system receives sensory input from the environment, integrates that information to make decisions, helps maintain the body's internal balance or homeostasis, and controls the body's muscles and glands to allow movement and communication.

Question 16

Leak ion channels:

Accepted Answer

Leak ion channels are always open, allowing ions to move across the cell membrane and contributing to the resting membrane potential of the cell. They do not open or close in response to specific signals but rather provide a constant pathway for ions.

Question 17

Which of the following is not TRUE of K⁺ leak channels?

Accepted Answer

K⁺ leak channels are not responsible for the depolarization phase of the action potential. During the depolarization phase, voltage-gated Na+ channels open, allowing Na+ ions to rush into the cell, leading to a rapid increase in the membrane potential towards the threshold for generating an action potential. K⁺ leak channels are instead responsible for maintaining the resting potential of the cell by allowing K⁺ ions to "leak" down their concentration gradient and out of the cell. Option A is incorrect because the channels are not voltage-gated, but they are still subject to modulation by various factors. Option B and C are true; K⁺ leak channels are the most common type of leak channels in neurons and have the greatest contribution to the resting potential. Option E is true; K⁺ ions leak out of the cell through these channels down their concentration gradient.

Question 18

Sophia is taking her Anatomy and Physiology test.An EEG of her brain would most likely show a higher frequency of which of the following wave types?

Accepted Answer

Beta waves are associated with increased mental activity, including attention, alertness, and focused thinking, which are necessary for taking a test like Anatomy and Physiology. Alpha waves are associated with relaxation and calmness, Delta waves are associated with deep sleep, Theta waves are associated with meditative states, and Gamma waves are associated with cognitive processing and perception.

Question 19

The limbic system:

Accepted Answer

The limbic system influences long term declarative memory, motivation and mood, and visceral responses to emotions. It also receives sensory input from the olfactory nerves. Therefore, all of the above statements are true.

Question 20

The type of memory that is retained for a few seconds or minutes and is limited by the number of pieces of information is called:

Accepted Answer

Working memory is a type of memory where information is retained for a short amount of time, typically for a few seconds or minutes. It is also often referred to as short-term memory and is limited by the number of pieces of information that can be maintained. Declarative memory refers to the conscious, intentional recollection of past events or facts, while procedural memory refers to the memory of how to perform a particular skill or task. Implicit memory refers to the unconscious retention of information, and explicit memory refers to intentional and conscious recollection of information. None of these options match the description of a memory that is limited by the number of pieces of information that can be retained, so working memory is the best choice.

Quiz 8: Nervous System