Question 1

Tenacity refers to the knowledge that, correctly or incorrectly, has stood the test of time.

Accepted Answer

Tenacity refers to knowledge that has persisted over time, even if it may not be entirely accurate or correct.

Question 2

Epistemological questions address the question of how it is we know what we know.

Accepted Answer

Epistemological questions are concerned with the nature and limits of knowledge and how it is obtained, including questions about perception, belief, evidence, and justification.

Question 3

"As age increases, social media use decreases." That statement is an example of ______.
A) a closed-ended research question
B) a one-tailed hypothesis
C) a two-tailed hypothesis
D) a null hypothesis

Accepted Answer

The statement is a one-tailed hypothesis because it predicts a specific directional relationship between age and social media use (i.e. as age increases, social media use decreases). Other options are not appropriate because the statement is not a research question, null hypothesis, or two-tailed hypothesis.

Question 4

The scientific method combines empiricism, ______, and ______ to advance knowledge.
A) rationalism; interpretivism
B) interpretivism; peer review
C) rationalism; positivism
D) critical theory; empiricism

Accepted Answer

The scientific method is based on empirical evidence and uses rationalism to formulate hypotheses and theories, and positivism to test and verify them. Peer review is a process used to evaluate the soundness of scientific work but is not a fundamental component of the scientific method. Critical theory and interpretivism are philosophical approaches that are not necessarily part of the scientific method.

Question 5

Which one of the following purposes of research attempts to answer "why" questions?
A) exploration
B) description
C) prediction
D) explanation

Accepted Answer

The purpose of explanation in research is to answer "why" questions. This type of research aims to discover the underlying reasons and causes behind a phenomenon, rather than just describing or predicting it.

Question 6

A two-tailed hypothesis specifies:
A) the direction of the relationship between two variables
B) that there is no relationship between two variables
C) that there are two possible relationships between two variables
D) only that there is a relationship between two variables

Accepted Answer

A two-tailed hypothesis does not specify the direction of the relationship, only that a relationship exists.

Question 7

A closed-ended research question ______.
A) focuses on a direction of relationship between variables
B) does not focus on a direction of relationship between variables
C) addresses a question that has already been researched
D) defines the results the researcher expects to find

Accepted Answer

Closed-ended research questions focus on a specific direction of relationship between variables, allowing for more straightforward analysis and interpretation of data.

Question 8

"Does academic performance increase as social media use decreases?" is an example of a(n) ______.
A) null hypothesis
B) two-tailed hypothesis
C) closed-ended research question
D) open-ended research question

Accepted Answer

This is a closed-ended research question because it can be answered with a "yes" or "no" response, indicating a specific direction of inquiry without requiring elaborative responses.

Question 9

Open-ended research questions ask whether there is a relationship between variables.

Accepted Answer

Open-ended research questions typically ask whether there is a relationship between variables, which implies that they are exploring the possibility of a relationship rather than assuming one exists.

Question 10

"What factors explain students' use of Twitter?" This question fulfils what research purpose?
A) exploration
B) description
C) explanation
D) prediction

Accepted Answer

The question aims to explore the reasons behind students' use of Twitter, indicating an exploratory purpose to uncover insights and understandings about a phenomenon without necessarily predicting or explaining specific outcomes.

Question 11

A statement about the relationships we expect to find between two or more variables is called a ______.
A) research question
B) speculation
C) hypothesis
D) interpretation

Accepted Answer

A hypothesis is a statement that predicts the relationship between two or more variables. It is an educated guess and provides a clear direction for research. Research questions are broader and do not make specific predictions about relationships between variables. Speculation is an opinion or guess without any evidence, and interpretation is a conclusion based on analyzing research data.

Question 12

Research is often argued to have seven major purposes. In addition to interpretation, exploration, and criticism, which of the following answers correctly identifies them?
A) validation, explanation, prediction, and control
B) description, explanation, prediction, and control
C) description, generalization, prediction, and interpretation
D) description, explanation, quantification, and control

Accepted Answer

The seven major purposes of research include description, explanation, prediction, and control, as well as the additional purposes of exploration, criticism, and application. However, only option B correctly identifies the first four purposes: description, explanation, prediction, and control. Option A includes validation, which is not typically considered one of the seven purposes. Option C includes generalization, which is a subcategory of description. Option D includes quantification, which is not commonly listed as a specific purpose of research.

Question 13

Which of the following reasons for doing research implies researching with a view to being able to manipulate human behavior?
A) exploration
B) description
C) control
D) explanation

Accepted Answer

The reason for doing research that implies researching with a view to being able to manipulate human behavior is control.

Question 14

Tenacity, intuition, authority, and empiricism are all:
A) epistemologies
B) ontologies
C) philosophies
D) ideologies

Accepted Answer

Tenacity, intuition, authority, and empiricism are all epistemologies, which refer to the ways in which we obtain knowledge and justify beliefs. Epistemologies are a branch of philosophy concerned with the study of knowledge. Ontologies refer to the nature of existence and reality, while philosophies are broader systems of thought that encompass epistemology, metaphysics, ethics, and other areas. Ideologies are sets of beliefs or doctrines that shape political or social views.

Question 15

The idiographic approach to communication research emphasizes ______.
A) the subjectivity and individuality of human communication
B) measurement and generalization
C) analyzing media content
D) using scientific methods

Accepted Answer

The idiographic approach emphasizes the uniqueness and subjectivity of human communication and attempts to understand individuals' experiences and perspectives rather than measuring and generalizing findings.

Question 16

Generally, Worldview II researchers believe that human communication:
A) is objectively measurable and can be summarized in rules
B) is objectively measurable but cannot be summarized in rules
C) should be understood subjectively and can be summarized in rules
D) should be understood subjectively and cannot be summarized in rules

Accepted Answer

Worldview II researchers typically believe that human communication should be understood subjectively, recognizing the complexity and uniqueness of individual experiences, and therefore argue that it cannot be fully captured or summarized in objective rules.

Question 17

"There is no relationship between academic performance and social media involvement" is an example of ______.
A) a closed-ended research question
B) a null hypothesis
C) a one-tailed hypothesis
D) a two-tailed hypothesis

Accepted Answer

This statement is an example of a null hypothesis, which states that there is no significant relationship or difference between two variables. In this case, the variables are academic performance and social media involvement. The null hypothesis is often used as a starting point for research to be tested through statistical analysis.

Question 18

Generally, Worldview I researchers believe that human communication:
A) is objectively measurable and can be summarized in rules
B) is objectively measurable but cannot be summarized in rules
C) should be understood subjectively and can be summarized in rules
D) should be understood subjectively and cannot be summarized in rules

Accepted Answer

Worldview I researchers believe in the use of scientific methods to study human communication and believe that it is objectively measurable. They strive to discover rules and patterns in communication behavior that can be reliably observed and measured.

Question 19

Rationalism asserts that knowledge is best acquired by:
A) faith and intuition
B) emotion and reason
C) meditation and insight
D) reason and factual analysis

Accepted Answer

Rationalism emphasizes the use of reason and factual analysis to acquire knowledge. It believes that knowledge can be deduced from a priori principles and innate ideas, rather than solely from sensory experiences or emotions.

Question 20

Closed-ended research questions predict a specific research result.

Accepted Answer

Closed-ended research questions are designed to elicit specific, limited responses, often in the form of yes/no or multiple-choice answers, but they do not predict specific research results.

Quiz 2: First Decisions: From Inspiration to Implementation

Tenacity refers to the knowledge that, correctly or incorrectly, has stood the test of time.

Epistemological questions address the question of how it is we know what we know.

"As age increases, social media use decreases." That statement is an example of ______.

The scientific method combines empiricism, , and to advance knowledge.

Which one of the following purposes of research attempts to answer "why" questions?

A two-tailed hypothesis specifies:

A closed-ended research question ______.

"Does academic performance increase as social media use decreases?" is an example of a(n) ______.

Open-ended research questions ask whether there is a relationship between variables.

"What factors explain students' use of Twitter?" This question fulfils what research purpose?

A statement about the relationships we expect to find between two or more variables is called a ______.

Research is often argued to have seven major purposes. In addition to interpretation, exploration, and criticism, which of the following answers correctly identifies them?

Which of the following reasons for doing research implies researching with a view to being able to manipulate human behavior?

Tenacity, intuition, authority, and empiricism are all:

The idiographic approach to communication research emphasizes ______.

Generally, Worldview II researchers believe that human communication:

"There is no relationship between academic performance and social media involvement" is an example of ______.

Generally, Worldview I researchers believe that human communication:

Rationalism asserts that knowledge is best acquired by:

Closed-ended research questions predict a specific research result.