Question 1

Research has shown that the capacity of the working memory is limited to about how many chunks?

Accepted Answer

Research has shown that the capacity of the working memory is limited to about five to nine chunks. This means that individuals can only hold between five to nine pieces of information in their short-term memory at a time.

Question 2

Top-down processing is distinguished by its reliance on a(n)

Accepted Answer

Top-down processing relies on understanding the context of a situation to interpret incoming sensory information. It involves using prior knowledge and expectations to guide perception and make sense of sensory input. Options A, B, and C are more characteristic of bottom-up processing, which focuses on the individual sensory features of a stimulus and combines them into a meaningful whole.

Question 3

A photographer shoots a flashbulb directly into your eyes. For the next few seconds, all you can see are big blue dots everywhere you look. What type of memory is most directly involved in this phenomenon?

Accepted Answer

Sensory memory is involved in the phenomenon described, as it is responsible for the brief storage of sensory information. In this case, the sensory information is the visual image produced by the flashbulb. Long-term memory, semantic memory, and working memory are not directly involved in this process.

Question 4

Bottom-up processing refers to the way people examine a new stimulus for

Accepted Answer

Bottom-up processing involves starting with the individual, simple features of a stimulus and building up to a complete perception. This means that recognizable features are what are being examined during this type of processing.

Question 5

Which one of the following statements is consistent with the cognitive approach to learning?

Accepted Answer

The cognitive approach to learning focuses on how individuals interpret and process information, and how they use this information to make sense of their environment. The statement "The same event means different things to different people" is consistent with this approach, as it acknowledges the role of individual interpretation and perception in shaping learning.

Question 6

In the cognitive approach to learning, learning

Accepted Answer

The cognitive approach to learning emphasizes the role of perception, memory, attention, and other mental processes in learning. This approach emphasizes that individuals actively construct their own understanding of the world based on their perceptions and experiences.

Question 7

The basic purpose of chunking as a memory strategy is to

Accepted Answer

The basic purpose of chunking as a memory strategy is to reduce the amount of information to be stored in the working memory. Chunking is the process of grouping information together into larger units, or chunks, which can simplify information processing and reduce the load on working memory. This allows for more efficient memory storage and retrieval.

Question 8

Alec still remembers how to touch-type, even though it has been three years since he has practiced. The memory system most directly involved here is

Accepted Answer

Touch-typing is a skill that is learned through repetition, making it a procedural memory system.

Question 9

Items can typically be stored in working memory for approximately how long?

Accepted Answer

Working memory typically holds information for about 20 seconds, after which it either needs to be rehearsed or it will be lost.

Question 10

Mr. Kawicki is teaching his sixth-grade science students about the scientific method. Students are instructed about each component of the method first in order to understand the whole process. This instructional strategy is based on what concept?

Accepted Answer

The answer of Mr. Kawicki is teaching his sixth-grade science...

Question 11

While Mr. Lindsey was explaining the social studies assignment, Missy was finishing homework due for her next class. When the class began the assignment, Missy did not know what to do. According to the information processing model of cognitive learning, Missy was lost because

Accepted Answer

According to the information processing model, attention is the first stage in the cognitive learning process, which involves selecting and focusing on some stimuli to the exclusion of others. Missy's inability to complete the assignment indicates that she did not pay attention to the instructions that were given, which prevented her from processing the information and transferring it to her working memory.

Question 12

One of the educational implications of sensory memory is that

Accepted Answer

The answer of One of the educational implications of sensory...

Question 13

Cliff is good at solving math problems, but has difficulty solving problems in his computer class. His problem-solving ability in math represents what type of knowledge?

Accepted Answer

Cliff's problem-solving ability in math is specific to the domain of mathematics, indicating that he has domain-specific knowledge in this area.

Question 14

Our ability to conserve something in working memory is most directly affected by the

Accepted Answer

Executive control processes are those involved in storing, manipulating, and retrieving information in working memory. These processes influence our ability to maintain information in working memory for short periods of time. Other factors such as perceptual input and the strength of initial stimuli can influence working memory, but they do not have as direct an impact as executive control processes. Reinforcement of information can also influence working memory but is not a primary factor affecting its ability to conserve information.

Question 15

A jogger is startled by the feeling of a moving object on his right side. It could have been a ferocious dog, but it turns out to be a newspaper page blown by the wind. What memory component was most directly involved?

Accepted Answer

Sensory memory is responsible for processing and briefly holding sensory information from the environment, such as the feeling of a moving object on the jogger's right side.

Question 16

Maria has excellent study habits. She seems to know just what to review and how long to spend on each part of every course. Maria is applying what type of knowledge?

Accepted Answer

The answer of Maria has excellent study habits. She seems...

Question 17

Megan tries to remember the address, 10 Anchor Street, by imagining a ten-dollar bill attached to the anchor of a ship. She is using a memory strategy called

Accepted Answer

Megan is using elaborative rehearsal, a memory strategy that involves linking new information to existing knowledge or memories in order to better remember it. In this case, she is creating a mental image to help her remember the address by connecting it to the familiar image of a ship anchor and a dollar bill.

Question 18

Which one of the following persons most clearly illustrates the concept of elaboration?

Accepted Answer

The answer of Which one of the following persons most...

Question 19

What you are thinking about right now is being held in what type of memory?

Accepted Answer

The type of memory that holds thoughts in our minds for a short period of time is working memory. This is the memory that allows us to keep information in our minds long enough to use it in the moment. Long-term memory is for memories that we want to remember for an extended period of time. Schematic memory is a type of long-term memory that helps us understand and interpret the world around us through our past experiences. Sensory memory is the immediate, very brief recording of sensory information in the memory system.

Question 20

Compared to the behaviouristic orientation, the cognitive perspective recognizes people as what type of learners?

Accepted Answer

The cognitive perspective recognizes people as active learners who organize and process information in order to understand and make sense of the world around them. They are not passive receivers of information or egocentric in their approach. Additionally, the cognitive perspective acknowledges the role of social interaction in learning, but this does not mean that people are exclusively social learners.

Quiz 7: Cognitive Views of Learning