Bioreactors are widely used for industrial fermentation. Which of the following conditions must be closely monitored for optimal fermentation?

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Temperature, pH, and oxygen levels all play critical roles in optimal fermentation. Temperature controls the rate of reaction, while pH affects the activity of enzymes and the growth of microorganisms. Oxygen levels are important for aerobic fermentation where oxygen is needed for cell growth and energy production. Therefore, all three parameters must be closely monitored and controlled for efficient and effective fermentation.

Bioreactors Are Widely Used for Industrial Fermentation