According to the DSM-5, substance use disorders arise when an individual experiences ________ from using a substance repeatedly.

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Substance use disorders are characterized by the presence of clinically significant impairment or distress, as manifested by at least two of eleven possible criteria, such as impaired control over substance use, social impairment, risky use, tolerance, and withdrawal. The impairment can be functional, meaning it affects the person's ability to work, go to school, or meet their responsibilities, or it can be emotional, psychological, or interpersonal. Therefore, option A is the best choice as the others do not fully capture the range of impairments associated with substance use disorders.

According to the DSM-5, Substance Use Disorders Arise When an Individual