Question 1

Thirteen-year-old Sarah describes herself as "shy" and "outgoing." She also says she is "a smart airhead." These disparities probably result from the expansion of Sarah's social world,which

Accepted Answer

As Sarah's social world expands, she is likely encountering different contexts and groups of people that have different expectations and norms. This can create pressure for her to display different parts of her identity or to modify certain traits depending on the situation. This can result in the disparities she describes, such as feeling both shy and outgoing or being smart but also portraying herself as an "airhead".

Question 2

Which of the following factors is predictive of high self-esteem in adolescence?

Accepted Answer

Authoritative parenting, which is characterized by warmth, clear rules and expectations, and open communication, has been consistently associated with high self-esteem in adolescence. Conditional support from parents and peers (such as only offering approval if certain conditions are met) can actually contribute to lower self-esteem. Early dating can also have negative effects on self-esteem if it involves pressure to conform to a particular image or behavior. Permissive parenting, which is characterized by low demands and high warmth, may lead to overly inflated self-esteem but is not a reliable predictor of healthy self-esteem.

Question 3

Lily's parents are concerned about how her level of self-esteem will change during adolescence.You can tell them that for most young people,it

Accepted Answer

C

Question 4

Which of the following is true about identity development?

Accepted Answer

Adolescents' well-organized self-descriptions provide a cognitive foundation for forming an identity. This statement is supported by the theory of identity formation proposed by Erik Erikson, which suggests that during adolescence, individuals become capable of reflecting upon their own characteristics and forming a sense of identity through this introspection. Additionally, research has found that higher levels of self-understanding are associated with greater identity exploration and commitment.

Question 5

Which of the following statements exemplifies 15-year-old Noah's awareness that psychological qualities can vary from one situation to the next?

Accepted Answer

The statement "I have a fairly quick temper" suggests that Noah recognizes that his emotional response to different situations can vary.

Question 6

According to Erikson,someone who negatively resolves the psychological conflict of adolescence will experience

Accepted Answer

According to Erikson, the psychological conflict of adolescence is identity versus role confusion. If this conflict is negatively resolved, the individual will experience role confusion, which refers to a lack of clarity and direction in terms of their identity and future goals. They may struggle to make important life decisions and feel a sense of disorientation or detachment from their social environment. Options A, B, and C are not directly linked to the psychological conflict of adolescence.

Question 7

In adolescence,encouragement from teachers

Accepted Answer

Encouragement from teachers predicts high self-esteem in adolescence. Research has shown that positive feedback and support from teachers during adolescence has a significant impact on students' sense of self-worth and confidence, which in turn can lead to higher levels of academic achievement and social success. Other factors such as peer approval and parental support also play a role in shaping adolescent self-esteem, but the influence of teachers cannot be overlooked.

Question 8

Erikson called the psychological conflict of adolescence identity versus

Accepted Answer

Erikson believed that during adolescence, individuals experience a psychological conflict between developing a sense of identity and experiencing role confusion. This conflict involves the struggle to establish a clear and unified sense of self while exploring different roles and possibilities. The other options (mistrust, inferiority, isolation) describe conflicts that occur during other stages of development according to Erikson's theory.

Question 9

From middle to late adolescence,cognitive changes enable teenagers to

Accepted Answer

During middle to late adolescence, cognitive changes enable teenagers to combine their traits into an organized system. This means that they are able to create a more integrated sense of self, with a better understanding of how their traits and characteristics fit together. This is an important part of identity development during this stage of life. Option A is incorrect because cognitive changes do not necessarily result in a focus on positive personality traits only. Option B is incorrect because adolescents may still use qualifiers in their self-descriptions. Option D is incorrect because research suggests that personal and moral values remain important to teenagers during this stage of life.

Question 10

According to Erikson,the major personality achievement of adolescence is development of

Accepted Answer

Erikson proposed that adolescence is a critical period in which an individual develops a sense of identity, which includes a clear and consistent sense of oneself as a unique individual, a sense of one’s values and goals, and a sense of one’s place in the world. Autonomy, intimacy, and trust are also important, but they are not considered the major personality achievement of adolescence according to Erikson’s theory.

Question 11

Once formed,identity

Accepted Answer

Identity is not a fixed or rigid concept; instead, it continues to evolve and be refined throughout adulthood. As people gain more life experience, they may reevaluate earlier commitments and choices in order to construct a more robust and nuanced sense of self. This ongoing process of self-discovery and reflection can help individuals to better understand their own values, goals, and priorities over time.

Question 12

When asked about her political beliefs,Blair responds,"Oh,I don't know.It doesn't make much difference to me." Blaire is demonstrating identity

Accepted Answer

Blaire is demonstrating identity diffusion, which is the state of being unsure or uncommitted to a particular identity or belief system.

Question 13

Rufus's parents provide inconsistent,negative feedback.Rufus probably relies on ________ to affirm his self-esteem.

Accepted Answer

Since Rufus's parents give inconsistent, negative feedback, he is more likely to seek affirmation from sources outside of his family. Peers are a common source of affirmation for children and adolescents, so it is likely that Rufus relies on his peers to affirm his self-esteem.

Question 14

Michael is a young adult who is trying out life possibilities,gathering important information about himself and his environment,and moving toward making enduring decisions.In doing so,Michael is probably

Accepted Answer

The answer of Michael is a young adult who is...

Question 15

Current theorists agree that for most young people,identity development is not traumatic and disturbing but,rather,a process of __________ followed by ___________.

Accepted Answer

According to current theorists, identity development is a process of exploration followed by commitment for most young people. This means that they first explore different options and possibilities before committing to a particular identity. This process is not traumatic or disturbing but rather a natural part of growing up. Therefore, options A, B, and D are not the best choices as they suggest confusion, crisis, or role confusion as a necessary part of identity development, which is not the case for most young people.

Question 16

Among older adolescents,__________ appear as key themes in self-concept.

Accepted Answer

As adolescents enter late adolescence, personal and moral values tend to become more prominent aspects of self-concept. While athletic and academic ability and physical attractiveness may still be important, they tend to take a backseat to more introspective aspects of the self. Social awareness and physical strength may also have some significance, but they are not as consistent or universal as personal and moral values.

Question 17

Sayuri is constructing her identity.Based on Erikson's theory,this process involves

Accepted Answer

According to Erikson's theory of psychosocial development, the process of constructing one's identity involves defining what one values, including career goals, relationships, and personal beliefs. It is a process of self-discovery and exploration, rather than simply adopting the values of one's parents or peers. Acting on impulse and helping others define their direction in life are not necessarily central to this process.

Question 18

Landon's parents wonder how his self-esteem will differentiate in adolescence.Landon will probably add which of the following dimensions of self-evaluation to those of middle childhood?

Accepted Answer

Close friendship, romantic appeal, and job competence are all elements of self-evaluation that typically emerge during adolescence. Athletic and academic ability and physical attractiveness and relationships with family members are more likely to be established during middle childhood. Friendship, integrity, and honesty are important components of self-esteem at all stages of development.

Question 19

Shelby accepts her family's religious beliefs without question.She is characterized by identity

Accepted Answer

Foreclosure refers to the acceptance of an identity without exploring alternative options or considering different perspectives. Shelby accepting her family's religious beliefs without question suggests that she has not explored other options and has simply foreclosed on her identity.

Question 20

According to Erikson,teenagers in complex societies experience

Accepted Answer

According to Erikson, teenagers in complex societies experience an identity crisis, which is a period of exploration and experimentation with different roles, values, and beliefs before forming a mature and stable identity. This can lead to confusion and conflict as they try to figure out who they are and where they fit in the world.

Quiz 12: Emotional and Social Development in Adolescence