Question 1

At a social event, you chat with someone you meet about your family, telling them that your brother is older than you and your sister is older than your brother. They then ask you who is the youngest in the family. Jean Piaget would say that this person has not reached the:

Accepted Answer

The answer of At a social event, you chat with...

Question 2

Whose theoretical approach is most closely tied to Nancy Chodorow's theory of gender development?

Accepted Answer

Nancy Chodorow's theory of gender development draws heavily from Sigmund Freud's psychoanalytic theory, particularly his concept of the Oedipus complex and the role of the mother in primary caregiving.

Question 3

Nancy Chodorow's theory can be problematic when one is examining gender socialization in:

Accepted Answer

Nancy Chodorow's theory, which emphasizes the role of the mother in gender socialization, can be problematic when examining single-parent families, especially those led by fathers or where the mother's role is not traditional or typical. This is because her theory is heavily predicated on the mother-child relationship in the context of a two-parent, heterosexual family structure, potentially overlooking the dynamics in families that do not fit this mold.

Question 4

Carol Gilligan (1982) found that men see the emphasis women put on personal relationships and caring for others:

Accepted Answer

Gilligan's research suggested that men often perceive women's focus on relationships and care as a weakness, contrasting with their own emphasis on individual achievement and autonomy.

Question 5

Women are more sensitive and compassionate than men, according to Nancy Chodorow's theory of gender development, because they are:

Accepted Answer

According to Nancy Chodorow's theory of gender development, girls are more likely to develop a strong sense of identification with their mothers, which allows them to stay emotionally and physically closer to them. This results in the development of a more sensitive and compassionate personality.

Question 6

What is a criticism that can be made of Freud's view on gender identity development?

Accepted Answer

Freud's theory, particularly the Oedipus complex, emphasizes the father-child relationship and the role of the father in gender identity development, often downplaying the importance of the mother-child relationship.

Question 7

According to Jean Piaget, the ability to understand things from a different perspective does not take place until the:

Accepted Answer

According to Piaget's theory of cognitive development, children in the concrete operational stage (ages 7-11) become capable of conservation, spatial reasoning, and understanding that others may have a different perspective than their own. Children in the preoperational stage (ages 2-7) have difficulty with this concept, and those in the sensorimotor stage (birth to 2 years) are not yet able to represent experiences mentally. The formal operational stage (ages 11 and up) involves more advanced thinking abilities, such as hypothetical reasoning and abstract thinking.

Question 8

According to Nancy Chodorow's theory of gender development, men develop their sense of masculinity by:

Accepted Answer

According to Nancy Chodorow's theory of gender development, men develop their sense of masculinity by rejecting their closeness to their mothers and learning what is not feminine. Chodorow suggests that the mother-child relationship is the primary socialization agent in early childhood, and because most mothers are women, boys learn what it means to be male by differentiating themselves from their mothers and developing a masculine identity.

Question 9

Brown, Tanner-Smith, and Lesane-Brown (2009) found that positive effects of race socialization were most evident among children who had ____ conversations with their parents about their racial background.

Accepted Answer

Brown, Tanner-Smith, and Lesane-Brown (2009) discovered that the positive impacts of race socialization were most apparent among children who engaged in moderately frequent conversations with their parents about their racial background.

Question 10

According to Sigmund Freud, the learning of gender differences centers on the:

Accepted Answer

According to Freud's theory of psychosexual development, the learning of gender differences centers on the presence or absence of a penis, which he called the "penis envy" or "castration anxiety" in both boys and girls. Freud believed that this experience would shape their gender identity and lead to different behaviors and attitudes towards gender roles.

Question 11

George Herbert Mead referred to the general morals and values of the culture in which a child develops as the:

Accepted Answer

The term "generalized other" refers to the cultural norms, values, and expectations that a child internalizes as they develop and becomes a part of their sense of self. Mead believed that children learn to see themselves through the eyes of others, and the generalized other represents the perspective of the larger society or culture. Choices A, B, and D refer to other concepts within Mead's theory of the development of the self, but do not specifically relate to the role of cultural norms and values.

Question 12

Race socialization as examined by Brown et al. (2006) was focused on black parents and their children, but an important conclusion of their work suggests that white parents and children must be socialized in order to:

Accepted Answer

The study by Brown et al. (2006) focused on black parents and their children, but the conclusion that white parents and children must be socialized in order to recognize and fight racism is a key takeaway that has broader implications beyond just the black community. Therefore, choice B is the most accurate answer. Choices A, C, and D do not accurately reflect the findings of the study or the broader implications of race socialization.

Question 13

According to Carol Gilligan's (1982) research, women and men differ in their view of moral judgments, with women tending to see contradictions between:

Accepted Answer

According to Carol Gilligan's research, women tend to see contradictions between following strict moral guidelines and avoiding harm to others, while men prioritize following strict moral guidelines over avoiding harm to others.

Question 14

Jean Piaget's theory of child development focuses on the:

Accepted Answer

Jean Piaget's theory of child development outlines distinct stages of cognitive development, including the sensorimotor, preoperational, concrete operational, and formal operational stages. Therefore, option B is the most appropriate choice. While gender identity may be a component of a child's development, it is not the focus of Piaget's theory. Additionally, while sensorimotor development is a crucial aspect of Piaget's theory, it is just one stage among several. The development of the generalized other is a concept within George Herbert Mead's theory of socialization and is not part of Piaget's theory of child development.

Question 15

In George Herbert Mead's theory of socialization, when individuals see themselves as others see them, they have accomplished:

Accepted Answer

Mead believed that self-consciousness arises when an individual takes on the perspective of others and sees themselves as an object, which he called the "looking-glass self." This allows individuals to reflect on their own behavior and make adjustments based on the reactions of others. Therefore, the accomplishment of self-consciousness is the result of the socialization process.

Question 16

Behavior associated with Jean Piaget's sensorimotor stage is demonstrated when a:

Accepted Answer

The sensorimotor stage is characterized by the development of the child's ability to coordinate sensory input with motor actions. This includes exploring and learning about the world through handling and manipulating different objects. The other choices involve more advanced cognitive and social skills that develop in later stages.

Question 17

Young Hee is communicating specific verbal and nonverbal messages to her children regarding the meaning and significance of race, racial stratification, intergroup relations, and personal identity. She is engaging in:

Accepted Answer

Young Hee is engaging in race socialization, which involves the transmission of beliefs, attitudes, and values about race from parents to children. This process can have significant effects on children's understanding of their own racial identity and their attitudes towards others of different races.

Question 18

One criticism of Cooley's theory of the looking-glass self is:

Accepted Answer

Cooley's theory suggests that we passively accept what others think of us, but research has shown that we actively interpret and filter feedback from others. Therefore, this criticism points out a limitation in the theory's assumption about passive acceptance.

Question 19

According to Cooley's theory, the reactions we elicit in social situations create a mirror in which we see ourselves. This mirror is called the:

Accepted Answer

Cooley's theory introduced the concept of the "looking-glass self," which is the idea that our sense of self is partially created by the reactions we elicit from others in social situations.

Question 20

According to Brown et al. (2006), nonwhite families were up to 1.9 to 4.7 times more likely than white families to discuss:

Accepted Answer

According to Brown et al. (2006), nonwhite families were up to 1.9 to 4.7 times more likely than white families to discuss their children's racial and ethnic heritage.

Quiz 4: Socialization and the Life Course