Question 1

According to Lawrence Walker's work on moral development, a lifelong charity worker, volunteer, and philanthropist would be considered a(n)

Accepted Answer

According to Lawrence Walker's work on moral development, a person who lives their life as a charity worker, volunteer, and philanthropist would be considered a moral exemplar. Moral exemplars are individuals who are seen as models of moral behavior and are admired for their consistent moral actions and values.

Question 2

John Dewey believed that a school's classroom rules and the moral orientation of the teachers and administrators create a moral atmosphere and, in turn, a

Accepted Answer

John Dewey's idea of the hidden curriculum refers to the unintended lessons and values that are transmitted to students through the structure and culture of the school. The classroom rules, teacher and administrator behavior, and overall moral atmosphere are all part of the hidden curriculum and contribute to the moral education of students. However, Dewey did not advocate for relativistic moral codes or values clarification opportunities as a formal part of the curriculum.

Question 3

What is the moral branch of the personality in psychoanalytic theory?

Accepted Answer

The superego is considered the moral branch of the personality in psychoanalytic theory. It is responsible for regulating our behaviors and thoughts based on social and moral standards. It develops as we internalize the values and norms of our parents and society.

Question 4

An experimenter pretends to hurt her knee in front of a child to see how the child reacts to another's emotional response. This experimenter is studying

Accepted Answer

The experimenter is studying empathy, as she is pretending to feel pain to elicit an emotional response from the child and see how they react. Empathy is the ability to understand or share the feelings of another person.

Question 5

Nine-year-old Kara accidentally let the cat out. Her mother calmly explains, "It's too cold for the cat to stay outside tonight, and it takes a long time to look for him and get him back in. Please try to be more careful when you open the door next time." Kara will likely react by

Accepted Answer

Kara's mother calmly explained the consequences of letting the cat out and asked her to be more careful next time. This will likely help Kara understand that it's not good for the cat or her mother when she lets the cat out. Therefore, Kara is expected to react by understanding that letting the cat out is not good for the cat or her mother.

Question 6

It is unacceptable to lie, steal, cheat, or hurt someone. These are examples of

Accepted Answer

Lying, stealing, cheating, and hurting someone are violations of moral rules, which are principles of right and wrong that are based on ethical and philosophical beliefs about how individuals ought to treat one another. Social conventions and cultural traditions may dictate certain behaviors, but they can vary among different societies or groups and may not necessarily be moral in nature. Justice concepts may involve moral principles, but they typically refer to the legal system and the administration of fairness and accountability in society.

Question 7

Mia yields to peer pressure to smoke a cigarette. She feels guilty and worthless for not living up to her personal and family standards of behavior. According to psychoanalytic theory, she is being punished by her

Accepted Answer

According to psychoanalytic theory, the conscience is part of the superego that punishes the ego through feelings of guilt when one does not live up to moral standards.

Question 8

Kierra is tempted to cheat on a test but chooses not to. According to psychoanalytic theory, what keeps Kierra from cheating?

Accepted Answer

According to psychoanalytic theory, the superego is the moral component of personality that develops based on internalizing the standards and values of caregivers. The superego includes the conscience, which produces feelings of guilt or shame when individuals violate their internalized standards. Therefore, Kierra's superego and conscience may have prevented her from cheating by producing self-punitive guilt.

Question 9

What are the two main components of the superego?

Accepted Answer

The superego is composed of two main components: the ego ideal and the conscience. The ego ideal represents the internalization of the idealized standards and values from society and significant others, while the conscience represents the internalization of moral standards and values regarding right and wrong behavior.

Question 10

Diego is with his 7-year-old son when he discovers a lost wallet. He wants his son to grow up to be a moral person so he

Accepted Answer

Option A shows a positive example of honesty and responsibility that Diego can pass on to his son. By discussing the situation with his son and making the decision to turn in the wallet, Diego is setting a good example for his child to follow. Option B and D show dishonest and irresponsible behavior, which would not teach his son the values he wants to instill. Option C may be a valid choice, but it does not involve teaching his son about morality and the importance of taking responsibility for one's actions.

Question 11

Clarissa resists peer pressure to smoke a cigarette. She feels proud of herself for maintaining her personal and family standards of behavior. According to psychoanalytic theory, she is being rewarded by her

Accepted Answer

According to psychoanalytic theory, the ego ideal is a component of the superego, which represents the internalized standards and expectations of society and the individual's family. Clarissa's resistance to peer pressure and pride in maintaining her personal and family standards suggests that she is being rewarded by her ego ideal.

Question 12

A recent emphasis within character education includes helping others and being sensitive to the feelings of others. This involves adopting a(n) _____ perspective.

Accepted Answer

The emphasis on helping others and being sensitive to their feelings aligns with the care perspective within character education. This perspective emphasizes empathy, compassion, and concern for the well-being of others.

Question 13

Ross Thompson (2006) asserts that children are moral

Accepted Answer

Ross Thompson (2006) describes children as "moral apprentices," indicating that they learn and develop their moral understanding through interactions and experiences.

Question 14

How many U.S. states currently have mandates to include character education in school curriculum?

Accepted Answer

As of my last update in 2023, 40 U.S. states have mandates to include character education in their school curriculum. This reflects a growing recognition of the importance of teaching values and character alongside academic subjects.

Question 15

Proponents of _____ believe that certain behaviors are wrong and that every school should have an explicit moral code that teaches students what is right and wrong.

Accepted Answer

Proponents of character education believe in teaching students specific virtues and values, such as respect, responsibility, and honesty. This includes having an explicit moral code in schools that teaches students what is right and wrong. A values clarification program (A) focuses on helping students identify their own values, while a hidden curriculum (B) refers to the unwritten and often implicit norms and values that are taught in schools. The social cognitive theory of morality (D) emphasizes the role of cognitive processes in moral development, but does not necessarily advocate for a specific moral code in schools.

Question 16

According to Kochanska and her colleagues (2002), young children

Accepted Answer

According to Kochanska and her colleagues (2002), young children are aware of right and wrong. They may not feel guilt or show empathy toward others at a young age, but they are able to distinguish between what is right and wrong. Choice A and C are incorrect as young children do feel guilt and do not necessarily indicate pleasure after doing something wrong. Choice D is incorrect as young children may not show empathy toward others, but it does not mean they do not have the capacity to do so.

Question 17

In the contemporary perspective on moral development, what do many psychologists believe about children's moral development?

Accepted Answer

Many psychologists believe that both positive and negative feelings contribute to moral development. This means that children may learn moral behavior through positive reinforcement (such as praise and recognition) as well as negative reinforcement (such as guilt and shame). Additionally, socialization agents beyond just parents (such as peers, teachers, and media) can also impact children's moral development. Biological factors may play a role, but they are not considered to be the primary influence on moral development. Extrinsic rewards and punishments may be used as a means of shaping behavior, but they are not considered to be the primary drivers of moral development.

Question 18

Maya experiences a deep emotional reaction when she speaks to Stephanie about the death of Stephanie's son. Maya imagines herself in Stephanie's situation and feels

Accepted Answer

Maya is sharing in Stephanie's emotions and imagining herself in Stephanie's place, which is the definition of empathy. Sympathy is feeling sorry for someone, which doesn't capture the full depth of Maya's emotional response. Conscience and guilt are not fitting choices as there is no indication that Maya did anything wrong or needs to make amends.

Question 19

Which of the following hypothesizes a possible core of moral personality?

Accepted Answer

The answer of Which of the following hypothesizes a possible...

Question 20

Drivers stop when a traffic light turns red. This is an example of a

Accepted Answer

Drivers stopping at a red traffic light is an example of a social convention, which is a norm or expectation within a society or group that helps establish order and facilitate interactions between people. Other examples of social conventions include saying "please" and "thank you," shaking hands when meeting someone, and waiting in line.

Quiz 13: Moral Development, Values, and Religion