Question 1

According to Erik Erikson, a key aspect of adolescent development is the need to

Accepted Answer

According to Erik Erikson's theory of psychosocial development, adolescence is the stage where individuals must form a sense of identity. This involves exploring different roles and possibilities, and integrating their sense of self into a cohesive identity. The other options, such as developing trusting relationships, being independent, and exploring sexuality, may be important aspects of adolescent development, but they are not the key focus of Erikson's theory.

Question 2

Maria is experiencing identity confusion. Which of the following statements describes Maria?

Accepted Answer

Identity confusion can manifest in various ways, including withdrawal and isolation from family or friends, as well as losing oneself in a group identity. Therefore, all the provided options are possible descriptions of someone experiencing identity confusion.

Question 3

Curtis loves to garden, but his arthritis makes it difficult. Now he limits the plants he tends to those that do not require much maintenance. This is an example of

Accepted Answer

Curtis is practicing selection by choosing to focus on low-maintenance plants due to his arthritis, which limits his ability to tend to more demanding plants.

Question 4

According to Marcia, _____ is defined as a period of identity development during which the individual is exploring alternatives.

Accepted Answer

According to Marcia, the period of identity development during which the individual is exploring alternatives is called "crisis." The other options are: "commitment" refers to the individual's commitment to a particular identity, "foreclosure" refers to the individual's acceptance of an identity without exploring alternatives or considering different options, and "diffusion" refers to the lack of a clear sense of identity or direction.

Question 5

Sal is 75 years old. He is most likely to personally invest in his

Accepted Answer

The answer of Sal is 75 years old. He is...

Question 6

Thora loves to paint but realizes her fine-motor movement is not what it used to be. She now paints in the morning when she experiences fewer tremors and makes sure to go slowly when working on her projects. This is an example of

Accepted Answer

Thora is adapting her painting routine to optimize her abilities despite her tremors.

Question 7

Older adults are more likely to link their well-being to ______, while younger adults are more likely to assess their well-being in terms of _____.

Accepted Answer

Research has shown that older adults prioritize good health and their ability to adapt to change as key factors in their well-being, while younger adults often assess their well-being in terms of their careers and success in achieving their goals. This may be due to differences in life stage and priorities between the two groups.

Question 8

Sometimes Kianna wants to become a lawyer and focuses her attention on school work. Other times she finds playing with children so fun and spends most of her time as a volunteer at a preschool. Kianna's change of interests is an example of Erikson's

Accepted Answer

Kianna's fluctuation of interests and priorities is a typical behavior of adolescence, which Erikson called psychosocial moratorium. During this stage, adolescents experiment with different roles and experiences to find their identity. As Kianna at times wants to become a lawyer, but at other times likes playing with children, it is an indication that she is trying to explore different aspects of her identity and passions.

Question 9

As articulated by James Marcia, an adolescent who is in one of his four stages of identity development but has not yet experienced a crisis could be experiencing

Accepted Answer

According to James Marcia's theory, identity diffusion describes an individual who has not yet experienced a crisis, and identity foreclosure describes an individual who has made a commitment without exploring alternatives. Therefore, an adolescent who has not yet experienced a crisis could be experiencing either identity diffusion or identity foreclosure, but cannot be in the other stages of identity development (identity moratorium or identity achievement) as they require a crisis to occur.

Question 10

Erikson termed the gap between childhood security and adult autonomy

Accepted Answer

Erikson called this gap the "psychosocial moratorium," which is a period where individuals can explore different options and possibilities before making a commitment to a particular identity.

Question 11

Wayne has not explored different life options. His parents want him to become a lawyer, and he is planning to attend the law school that they have chosen for him. Marcia would say that Wayne is in a state of identity

Accepted Answer

Wayne has not explored different life options, and is planning to follow the career path that his parents have chosen for him. This is indicative of foreclosure, where an individual accepts the identity that is assigned to them without exploring other alternatives.

Question 12

According to Marcia, adolescents who have not explored meaningful alternatives or made any commitments or show no interest in such matters are in a state of identity

Accepted Answer

Marcia's identity status theory includes four categories: identity diffusion, identity foreclosure, identity moratorium, and identity achievement. Identity diffusion refers to individuals who have not yet explored meaningful alternatives or made any commitments, and show no active interest in doing so. They may feel lost, aimless, or apathetic about their future. Therefore, choice A is the best option as it matches the definition given for identity diffusion.

Question 13

Paul Baltes and colleagues believe that successful aging by older adults involves

Accepted Answer

Paul Baltes and colleagues believe that successful aging involves selection, which includes choosing the most important goals, optimizing, which involves dedicating resources to specific goals, and compensation, which involves finding new ways to accomplish goals in the face of limitations. This approach emphasizes the use of existing resources and adaptation to changes and challenges that arise with aging.

Question 14

In contrast to Erikson's belief about identity formation, contemporary theorists believe that identity is formed

Accepted Answer

Contemporary theorists believe that identity formation is a gradual process of discovery that occurs across the lifespan, rather than being limited to a specific stage like adolescence. They believe that individuals continue to form and refine their identities throughout their lives, through experiences and interactions with others. This view emphasizes that identity is a dynamic and evolving construct, rather than a fixed outcome of a specific developmental period.

Question 15

Thirteen-year-old Cody does not understand or care about how his strengths and weaknesses will guide him into different roles in the future. According to Marcia, Cody is in a state of identity

Accepted Answer

Cody is in a state of identity diffusion, where he has not explored or committed to any specific roles or identities for his future. He lacks a sense of direction or purpose and may be apathetic or overwhelmed by the choices available to him.

Question 16

Yves had a tumultuous adolescence. As a young adult, he isolates himself from his peers and family. According to Erikson, Yves emerged from his adolescent crisis with

Accepted Answer

Erikson's theory suggests that if an individual struggles during the adolescent stage of identity vs. role confusion, they may emerge with identity confusion, which seems to describe Yves' situation of isolating himself and possibly not having resolved his identity during adolescence.

Question 17

According to Marcia, the part of identity development in which individuals show personal investment in an identity is known as

Accepted Answer

According to Marcia's theory of identity development, commitment is the part of the process where individuals have shown personal investment in an identity. Diffusion is the stage in which individuals have not yet explored their options and have not made a commitment to an identity. Crisis is the stage in which individuals are actively exploring different options and considering different identities. Moratorium is the stage in which individuals are taking a break from the commitment to explore options before making a decision.

Question 18

Scott realizes that his memory is not what it used to be. He carries a small notebook with him to write down important information that he will need to recall later. This is an example of

Accepted Answer

Scott's use of a small notebook to compensate for his declining memory is an example of compensation. Compensation is the process of using strategies or tools to make up for limitations or deficits in a certain area. In this case, Scott is using the notebook to compensate for his memory deficit. Accommodation refers to adjusting one's current way of thinking or behaving to better fit a new situation, which is not the case here. There is no contradiction within the self, and optimization refers to improving or maximizing existing abilities, which again is not the case here.

Question 19

According to Marcia, the existence of an individual's crisis or commitment in the process of developing a self determines their

Accepted Answer

According to Marcia's theory of identity development, an individual's crisis (exploration and consideration of different options) and commitment (commitment to a particular identity option) determine their identity status. The four identity statuses proposed by Marcia are identity diffusion, identity foreclosure, identity moratorium, and identity achievement. Therefore, the best choice is B, identity status. The other options (A, C, and D) are specific identity statuses and do not apply to all individuals in the process of developing a self.

Question 20

The selective optimization with compensation model is based on the idea that older adults fare better when they

Accepted Answer

The selective optimization with compensation model proposes that as individuals age, they need to optimize their current skills and compensate for any declines by effectively and creatively allocating new skills to tasks they want to master. This means that older adults can still improve in areas that are important to them by finding new and adaptive ways to achieve their goals. Using technology or other resources to broaden and increase their daily activities and efforts may also be part of the compensation process. Ignoring limitations or reducing self-control and regulation are not effective strategies for successful aging proposed by this model.

Quiz 11: The Self, Identity, and Personality