Question 1

Joe is the second of seven children in his very conservative family. Jackie is the only child of liberal parents. When we compare such differences in studying their ecological systems, we are focusing on the difference in
A) microsystem.
B) mesosystem.
C) exosystem.
D) macrosystem.

Accepted Answer

The microsystem refers to the immediate environments individuals are directly a part of, such as family, which directly impacts their development. Joe and Jackie's differing family structures and sizes are aspects of their respective microsystems.

Question 2

Justine repeats a phrase she has heard older students use at recess. This is an example of
A) Erikson's developmental crises.
B) Piaget's cognitive stages.
C) Skinner's operant conditioning.
D) Bandura's observational learning.

Accepted Answer

Justine repeating a phrase she heard is an example of observational learning, which is a key concept in Bandura's social learning theory.

Question 3

A social worker is helping Brody by applying Skinner's theory to reward Brody for his efforts, Erikson's theory to understand the identity and intimacy crises that Brody is facing, and Bronfenbrenner's theory to understand how environmental contexts and interactions will affect Brody's development. What theoretical approach is the social worker using?
A) dynamic
B) eclectic
C) fragmented
D) ethological

Accepted Answer

The social worker is using an eclectic theoretical approach as they are drawing from multiple theories to best understand and help Brody.

Question 4

Which of the following is NOT a reason for conducting an observation in a natural setting rather than in a laboratory?
A) In a laboratory setting, the subjects likely know they are being observed.
B) The observation will be more controlled if done in a natural setting.
C) participants will behave more naturally in a natural setting.
D) A laboratory setting may unfairly represent certain populations.

Accepted Answer

The statement "The observation will be more controlled if done in a natural setting" is false. In a laboratory setting, researchers have more control over variables such as lighting, noise, and distractions.

Question 5

Which theory most strongly emphasizes the role of biology and evolution in development?
A) ecological
B) behavioral
C) cognitive
D) ethological

Accepted Answer

The ethological theory emphasizes the role of biology and evolution in development. Ethologists seek to understand how behavior is shaped by evolution and natural selection. They study animal behavior in their natural environment and apply their findings to human behavior.

Question 6

Infants raised in orphanages may not develop a positive and secure attachment to a caregiver in their first year of life. According to John Bowlby, what might the consequences of this be?
A) The infant will bond to the first moving object seen after birth.
B) Life-span development will likely not be optimal.
C) As long as the child is adopted by age 10, no negative effects will be experienced.
D) The outcome will depend on the child's temperament.

Accepted Answer

According to Bowlby's attachment theory, infants who do not develop a positive and secure attachment to a caregiver in their first year of life may experience negative consequences such as difficulties in forming relationships later in life, emotional instability, and anxiety. Life-span development may not be optimal as a result. Therefore, option B is the correct answer. Option A is incorrect as it does not align with Bowlby's theory. Option C is incorrect as there is no evidence to support this claim. Option D is partly correct, but it does not fully capture the potential consequences according to Bowlby's theory.

Question 7

The process by which some organisms become attached to the first moving object they see is called
A) positive reinforcement.
B) bonding.
C) sensitive period.
D) imprinting.

Accepted Answer

The process described in the question is imprinting. Imprinting is a form of learning in which an animal becomes attached to the first moving object it sees, usually the parent. This is a critical process in the development of some species, as it ensures that the young will recognize and bond with their caregiver, which is essential for their survival. Positive reinforcement is a type of learning in which a behavior is strengthened by the addition of a reward or reinforcement. Bonding is a more general term that refers to the process of forming an emotional attachment or connection. A sensitive period is a specific period of time during an organism's development when it is particularly sensitive to certain environmental stimuli or experiences.

Question 8

A researcher uses a video camera to record children as they play on a school playground. This researcher is conducting a
A) case study.
B) naturalistic observation.
C) standardized test.
D) survey.

Accepted Answer

The researcher is using naturalistic observation by observing the children in their natural environment without any manipulation of the situation. The other options like case study, standardized test, and survey are not applicable in this scenario.

Question 9

Recent changes in the Medicare system have affected the quality of health care that David's elderly mother receives. These changes do not affect David directly, but Bronfenbrenner would say they affect David's development because they are part of David's
A) microsystem.
B) mesosystem.
C) exosystem.
D) macrosystem.

Accepted Answer

The changes in the Medicare system are part of David's exosystem, as they are external factors that indirectly affect his mother's health care and thus can impact David's development.

Question 10

The textbook states that no single theory can account for the complexity of human development. Which theoretical approach does this statement advocate?
A) eclectic
B) life-span
C) psychoanalytic
D) social learning

Accepted Answer

The statement that no single theory can fully account for human development suggests an eclectic approach, which draws on multiple theoretical perspectives to gain a more complete understanding of development.

Question 11

Shawn's job requires lots of travel, and the demands of his job are affecting his marriage and his child's relations with him. This relationship between Shawn's job and his child's development illustrates Bronfenbrenner's concept of a(n)
A) microsystem.
B) exosystem.
C) chronosystem.
D) macrosystem.

Accepted Answer

The exosystem refers to the external settings that indirectly impact an individual's development, such as the workplace of a parent that affects their family life. Shawn's job, which requires lots of travel and affects his relationship with his child, is an example of an exosystem influence.

Question 12

An eclectic theoretical orientation assumes that
A) development is a predictable and rigid process.
B) no single theory can account for all of human development.
C) the different developmental theories are all correct and complete within their own contexts.
D) contemporary theories are more accurate than those created before 1950.

Accepted Answer

An eclectic theoretical orientation assumes that no single theory can account for all of human development. This approach recognizes the value of multiple perspectives and draws from various theories and models to create a more comprehensive understanding of human development.

Question 13

Amy will be having her first child soon. She insists that she be the first to see and hold her baby after delivery in order to foster bonding. Her belief is consistent with which theory?
A) cognitive
B) ecological
C) ethological
D) behavioral

Accepted Answer

Amy's belief aligns with ethological theory, which emphasizes the importance of early bonding between caregiver and infant to establish a strong attachment. Ethologists believe that this process is instinctual and vital for the infant's healthy development.

Question 14

Ecological theory has been criticized for paying too little attention to
A) environmental settings.
B) biological foundations.
C) social considerations.
D) microdimensions of culture.

Accepted Answer

Ecological theory has often been critiqued for not adequately addressing the biological foundations of behavior and development, focusing more on environmental and social factors.

Question 15

Which of the following is a criticism of behavioral and social cognitive theories?
A) devotes inadequate attention to environmental determinants
B) devotes inadequate attention to developmental changes
C) devotes inadequate attention to behavioral changes
D) devotes inadequate attention to how people learn

Accepted Answer

Behavioral and social cognitive theories do not give proper importance to the developmental changes that occur in individuals.

Question 16

Which developmental theory most fully realizes Baltes' assertion that development is contextual?
A) psychoanalytic
B) social cognitive
C) ecological
D) ethological

Accepted Answer

The ecological theory, developed by Urie Bronfenbrenner, emphasizes the importance of the context in which development occurs. Baltes' assertion that development is contextual aligns with this perspective, as the ecological theory suggests that individuals are influenced by various environmental factors and systems, from microsystems (such as family and school) to macrosystems (such as culture and society). Therefore, the ecological theory most fully realizes Baltes' assertion.

Question 17

A major common characteristic shared by behavioral and social cognitive theories is
A) the limits of scientific research.
B) environmental influences on behavior.
C) the role of unconsciousness in behavior.
D) an emphasis on the role of cognition in development.

Accepted Answer

Behavioral and social cognitive theories both emphasize the significant impact of environmental influences on an individual's behavior. Behavioral theories focus on the idea that all behaviors are learned through interaction with the environment, while social cognitive theories add the element of learning through observation and imitation of others in that environment.

Question 18

Janice found that baby geese recognize the first thing they see as their mother. Which theory would this observation support?
A) ecological
B) social learning
C) ethological
D) cognitive

Accepted Answer

This observation supports the ethological theory, which states that behavior is strongly influenced by biology and genetics. The recognition of the first thing an animal sees as its mother is a classic example of an innate behavior that is genetically programmed.

Question 19

Mrs. Jones uses spanking as the primary method of discipline in her household. The focus of Bandura's early research, sometimes called modeling, suggest that her children will most likely
A) learn quickly not to disobey.
B) learn to hit others in similar situations.
C) become well-behaved people.
D) rebel and become more disobedient.

Accepted Answer

According to Bandura's early research on modeling, children are likely to learn and imitate the behavior they see from their parents or other authoritative figures. In this case, if Mrs. Jones uses spanking as the primary method of discipline, her children are more likely to learn to hit others in similar situations as a means of resolving conflicts or disciplining others. This can lead to a cycle of violence and aggression.

Question 20

While ethology stresses biological factors in human development, ecological theory emphasizes the role of
A) cognition.
B) parental genes.
C) the environment.
D) evolution.

Accepted Answer

Ecological theory emphasizes the role of the environment in human development, including physical, social, and cultural factors.

Quiz 1: Introduction

Joe is the second of seven children in his very conservative family. Jackie is the only child of liberal parents. When we compare such differences in studying their ecological systems, we are focusing on the difference in

Justine repeats a phrase she has heard older students use at recess. This is an example of

Which of the following is NOT a reason for conducting an observation in a natural setting rather than in a laboratory?

Which theory most strongly emphasizes the role of biology and evolution in development?

Infants raised in orphanages may not develop a positive and secure attachment to a caregiver in their first year of life. According to John Bowlby, what might the consequences of this be?

The process by which some organisms become attached to the first moving object they see is called

A researcher uses a video camera to record children as they play on a school playground. This researcher is conducting a

Recent changes in the Medicare system have affected the quality of health care that David's elderly mother receives. These changes do not affect David directly, but Bronfenbrenner would say they affect David's development because they are part of David's

The textbook states that no single theory can account for the complexity of human development. Which theoretical approach does this statement advocate?

Shawn's job requires lots of travel, and the demands of his job are affecting his marriage and his child's relations with him. This relationship between Shawn's job and his child's development illustrates Bronfenbrenner's concept of a(n)

An eclectic theoretical orientation assumes that

Amy will be having her first child soon. She insists that she be the first to see and hold her baby after delivery in order to foster bonding. Her belief is consistent with which theory?

Ecological theory has been criticized for paying too little attention to

Which of the following is a criticism of behavioral and social cognitive theories?

Which developmental theory most fully realizes Baltes' assertion that development is contextual?

A major common characteristic shared by behavioral and social cognitive theories is

Janice found that baby geese recognize the first thing they see as their mother. Which theory would this observation support?

Mrs. Jones uses spanking as the primary method of discipline in her household. The focus of Bandura's early research, sometimes called modeling, suggest that her children will most likely

While ethology stresses biological factors in human development, ecological theory emphasizes the role of