Question 1

Recall that the "trucking" game (Deutsch & Krauss, 1960, 1962) puts participants in a conflict situation. Each participant wants to get his or her truck to the destination as quickly as possible. Deutsch and Krauss introduced a novel twist; they sometimes gave one participant a gate with which to threaten an opponent; other times, they gave both participants such a gate, and still other times, neither participant had a gate with which to threaten his or her opponent. What happened?

Accepted Answer

When both participants could wield threats, the situation often led to mutual blocking and retaliation, resulting in both sides losing money due to increased conflict and inefficiency.

Question 2

James manages a team of employees for a company that is highly organized, well controlled, and high in employee satisfaction. In this situation, there is a greater need for a __________ leader than a __________ leader.

Accepted Answer

In a highly organized and well-controlled environment with high employee satisfaction, a task-oriented leader is more suitable to maintain efficiency and productivity, as the relationship aspect is already strong.

Question 3

Your text describes Steve Jobs as a creative, unorthodox leader, who was successful at getting Apple Computer started, but later was removed from his leadership role when the company was well-established and he was being less effective leading a billion-dollar corporation. This illustrates the importance of __________

Accepted Answer

The situation changed as Apple Computer grew larger and more established, requiring a different leadership style than what Steve Jobs was able to provide. This highlights the importance of fit between a leader's style and the situation they are in, as what works in one context may not be effective in another.

Question 4

Agentic leadership style is to __________ as __________ is to collectivism.

Accepted Answer

Agentic leadership style emphasizes individualism, assertiveness, and focusing on achieving personal goals, while collectivism emphasizes the importance of teamwork, collaboration, and group goals. Therefore, the opposite of agentic leadership style would be communal leadership style, which highlights collective decision-making and group cohesion, making option A the best answer.

Question 5

The agentic leadership style is most like which of the following?

Accepted Answer

The agentic leadership style is characterized by a focus on task accomplishment, assertiveness, and individual decision-making. This closely aligns with the task-oriented leadership style, which prioritizes achieving goals and objectives over building relationships and promoting teamwork.

Question 6

Dr. Garrett is Chris's supervisor at work. If Dr. Garrett acts communally, as women are "supposed" to act in the workplace, she will be evaluated __________. If Dr. Garrett acts agentically, as leaders are supposed to act in the workplace, she will be evaluated __________.

Accepted Answer

The answer of Dr. Garrett is Chris's supervisor at work....

Question 7

Which of the following is NOT true with respect to women and leadership?

Accepted Answer

Research shows that both men and women exhibit biases against women who act counter to gender norms. However, studies have suggested that women are not necessarily harsher towards other women, and that both sexes exhibit similar levels of bias.

Question 8

Under certain conditions, people will choose the cooperative option when playing the "prisoner's dilemma" game. For example, when a player __________, that player will be more likely to play cooperatively.

Accepted Answer

When a player expects to interact with his or her partner in the future, they are more likely to choose the cooperative option in order to build and maintain trust and a positive relationship. This is because in repeated interactions, cooperation may offer greater benefits than competition or defection in the long run.

Question 9

When women are chosen for leadership positions over units or departments in crisis, this is __________.

Accepted Answer

The situation described is known as the glass cliff, as it refers to the tendency for women to be chosen for leadership positions during times of crisis or difficulty, where the risk of failure is higher. It is not breaking the glass ceiling, as this would imply that women are breaking through barriers to achieve leadership positions, rather than being chosen due to a crisis.

Question 10

The experiment that involved opening Panera Cares where people could dine and then choose to pay the recommended fee, less than the fee, or more than the fee, resulted in what conclusion?

Accepted Answer

The experiment showed that while some people paid the recommended fee or more, others took advantage of the system and paid less or nothing, leading to financial unsustainability.

Question 11

The key to success in the "prisoner's dilemma" game is to __________.

Accepted Answer

In the prisoner's dilemma game, the best outcome for both players is to cooperate with each other. This means trusting your partner that they will also choose to cooperate. If both players choose to cooperate, they both receive a moderate reward. If both players choose to compete, they both receive a low reward. But if one player chooses to compete while the other cooperates, the competitive player receives a high reward while the trusting player receives zero reward. Therefore, trusting one's partner to cooperate is the key to achieving the best outcome in this game.

Question 12

According to the authors of your text, women in leadership positions are in a double bind: If they conform to social expectations about how to behave and are warm and communal, they may be seen as having low leadership potential; then, when they are given the opportunity to lead and they __________, they are perceived negatively.

Accepted Answer

When women in leadership positions act in agentic, assertive ways, they are perceived negatively and are often described as pushy or aggressive. This is due to gender stereotypes that dictate women should be communal and nurturing, rather than competitive and assertive. Therefore, women in leadership positions are in a double bind as they are expected to conform to stereotypical gender norms while also demonstrating leadership potential.

Question 13

A social dilemma is defined as a conflict in which the most beneficial action for an individual will __________ if __________.

Accepted Answer

A social dilemma occurs when the action that is most beneficial for any individual will have harmful effects on everyone if that action is chosen by most people. This reflects the essence of many social dilemmas, where individual rational choices lead to collectively irrational outcomes, such as in the tragedy of the commons.

Question 14

Experimental research on social conflicts has shown that the greatest amount of cooperation occurs when __________.

Accepted Answer

The "tit-for-tat" strategy, where a participant cooperates initially and then mimics the opponent's previous action, has been shown to foster high levels of cooperation in experimental settings. This strategy encourages reciprocity and trust, leading to greater cooperation over time.

Question 15

An ambitious study of leadership in 62 countries determined that __________.

Accepted Answer

The study determined that different traits for leaders are preferred in different cultures, indicating that there is no one-size-fits-all approach to leadership across cultures.

Question 16

A leadership style that is warm, helpful, kind, and concerned with the welfare of others is __________, while a leadership style that is assertive, controlling, independent, dominant, and self-confident is __________.

Accepted Answer

Communal leadership styles are characterized by warmth and concern for the welfare of others, fitting the first description. Agentic leadership styles, described by assertiveness and dominance, match the second description.

Question 17

In cross-cultural studies, what qualities of a leader seem to be valued by all cultures?

Accepted Answer

Charisma and team orientation are qualities of a leader that are valued across different cultures. Charisma helps in inspiring and motivating followers, while a team-oriented approach fosters collaboration and unity, both of which are universally appreciated leadership traits.

Question 18

Assume that Pat has been appointed the team leader on a new software development project. If Pat is a(n) __________ and uses a(n) __________ leadership style, Pat is likely to be evaluated negatively.

Accepted Answer

Research has shown that women who display agentic leadership style (which is traditionally associated with masculinity) are often evaluated negatively due to gender stereotypes and role incongruity.

Question 19

The "prisoner's dilemma" game is an excellent vehicle for studying social conflicts in the laboratory because __________.

Accepted Answer

The prisoner's dilemma game is designed to examine social conflicts where individuals must choose between their own self-interest and the collective interest of a group. This is often observed in real-life situations where cooperation might lead to the best outcome for all involved, but individuals may still choose to act in their own self-interest. Therefore, the game's rules being designed to pit self-interest against looking out for someone else's interest, make it an excellent vehicle for studying social conflicts in the laboratory.

Question 20

When it comes to social dilemmas such as the "prisoner's dilemma" game, the tit-for-tat strategy __________.

Accepted Answer

The tit-for-tat strategy involves starting with a cooperative response, then copying the partner's behavior in subsequent rounds. This strategy can increase cooperation by rewarding cooperation with cooperation and punishing defection with defection.

Quiz 9: Group Processes: Influence in Social Groups

James manages a team of employees for a company that is highly organized, well controlled, and high in employee satisfaction. In this situation, there is a greater need for a leader than a leader.

Agentic leadership style is to as is to collectivism.