Question 1

About _____ percent of U.S. 3- and 4-year-olds attend Head Start programs.

Accepted Answer

The answer of About _____ percent of U.S. 3- and...

Question 2

Early-childhood educational programs that are designed to meet children's developmental and growth needs are called _____ programs.

Accepted Answer

The answer of Early-childhood educational programs that are designed to...

Question 3

A preschool program that teaches basic skills (precursors to reading, writing, and arithmetic) in order to prepare children to be "ready to learn" when they enter elementary school is called a(n) _____ program.

Accepted Answer

The answer of A preschool program that teaches basic skills...

Question 4

Preoperational thinking is _____.

Accepted Answer

Preoperational thinking is symbolic, meaning that children in this stage of development (ages 2 to 7) use symbols to represent objects in their environment, but they do not yet understand logical principles or operations.

Question 5

Child-centered programs are influenced by _____, who believed that children can learn much from other children with the guidance of adults.

Accepted Answer

The answer of Child-centered programs are influenced by _____, who...

Question 6

To focus on one aspect of a situation and simultaneously exclude all other aspects is called _____.

Accepted Answer

Centration is the tendency to focus on only one aspect of a situation while ignoring other relevant factors. It is a common cognitive error in young children and can also occur in adults. Option A is incorrect because magical thinking refers to the belief that thoughts or actions can influence external events, whereas centration is a cognitive process. Option B is incorrect because static reasoning refers to the belief that the world is unchanging and permanent, and option D is incorrect because animism refers to the attribution of life and consciousness to inanimate objects.

Question 7

Piaget believed that until about age 6, it is difficult for children to think _____.

Accepted Answer

Piaget believed that until about age 6, children are in the preoperational stage, which is characterized by egocentric thinking and difficulty with logical reasoning. While animism is a characteristic of this stage, it is not the best answer to the question as it is a specific manifestation of the broader cognitive limitations. Subjectivity is not a relevant concept in Piaget's theory.

Question 8

Piaget called the stage of human cognitive development between the ages of 2 and 6 _____ intelligence.

Accepted Answer

Piaget called the stage of human cognitive development between the ages of 2 and 6 the preoperational stage. This stage is characterized by the use of symbols, language, and imagination, but children in this stage still have difficulty with logical and concrete reasoning.

Question 9

A magician's goal is to get the audience to focus on one aspect of his demonstration while he manipulates another. This is easy to do with preoperational children, as they are fooled by their tendency to _____.

Accepted Answer

Preoperational children have a tendency to demonstrate centration, which means they focus on only one aspect of a situation and ignore all others. This makes it easy for magicians to deceive them by manipulating something outside of their focus.

Question 10

_____ is the federally funded early-childhood education program that was started in 1965 to help foster better health and cognition in disadvantaged children before first grade.

Accepted Answer

The answer of _____ is the federally funded early-childhood education...

Question 11

_____ designed a special educational program with structured, individualized projects meant to give children a sense of accomplishment.

Accepted Answer

The answer of _____ designed a special educational program with...

Question 12

Preoperational intelligence _____.

Accepted Answer

Preoperational intelligence is characterized by the ability to think in symbols, such as using a word to represent an object. This type of thinking is demonstrated by children between the ages of 2 and 7. Logical reasoning and reversibility of thought are characteristics of concrete operational intelligence, which is typically exhibited between the ages of 7 and 12. Preoperational intelligence does not rely solely on children's motor skills and senses, although these are important developmental factors during this stage of cognitive development.

Question 13

In addition to being influenced by Vygotsky, child-centered programs are also influenced by _____, who believed that each child is capable of discovering new ideas.

Accepted Answer

The answer of In addition to being influenced by Vygotsky,...

Question 14

Ivan was playing under the kitchen table when he stood up suddenly and bumped his head. He pointed at the table and sternly said, "Naughty table!" This is an example of _____.

Accepted Answer

Ivan's belief that the inanimate object, the kitchen table, is capable of being naughty suggests an example of animism, which is the attribution of life and consciousness to objects that are not alive.

Question 15

Head Start provides the strongest benefits for children from the lowest income families, for those living in _____ areas, and for those with disabilities.

Accepted Answer

The answer of Head Start provides the strongest benefits for...

Question 16

Nine-year-old Bobby has no problem understanding that the 20-year-old woman who sometimes stays with him is both a student and a babysitter. According to Piaget, this is because Bobby's thinking has moved beyond _____.

Accepted Answer

Bobby's ability to understand that the woman can be both a student and a babysitter indicates that his thinking has moved beyond centration, which is the focus on one aspect of a situation to the exclusion of others. This is a characteristic of Piaget's preoperational stage, and moving beyond it is a sign of developing more advanced cognitive abilities.

Question 17

"You are your mom's daughter, right?" Grandpa asked Beatriz. "Yes!" Beatriz eagerly answered.
"Well, your mom is my daughter," Grandpa replied.
"No! She's my Mommy!" Beatriz exclaimed. Why did Beatriz make this error?

Accepted Answer

Beatriz made this error due to centration, which is focusing on one aspect of a situation and neglecting others. In this case, she focused solely on her relationship with her mom, ignoring the broader family connections.

Question 18

Piaget called the stage of human cognitive development between the ages of 2 and 6 "preoperational intelligence" because children do not yet _____.

Accepted Answer

Piaget believed that during the preoperational stage, children are not yet able to use logical operations, which means they cannot mentally manipulate information or think logically about abstract concepts. Instead, they rely on intuitive thinking and imagination. This is why Piaget called it "preoperational" intelligence - because they have not yet developed the ability to perform mental operations.

Question 19

The young children who are least likely to attend preschool in the United States are those from _____ homes.

Accepted Answer

The answer of The young children who are least likely...

Question 20

One of the milestones of preoperational thought is the ability to _____.

Accepted Answer

One of the milestones of preoperational thought is the ability to use symbolic thought, which involves representing objects and actions in one's mind with the use of symbols, such as words and images. This is important for the development of language, imagination, and creativity.

Quiz 9: Early Childhood: Cognitive Development