Question 1

Birth complications are more likely when _____.

Accepted Answer

Research has shown that advanced maternal age (over 35) is associated with an increased risk of birth complications, including preterm labor, gestational diabetes, and preeclampsia. The risk significantly increases after age 40. The other options (A, C, and D) are not necessarily associated with an increased risk of birth complications.

Question 2

Bruno and Juliana moved to the United States from Mexico two years ago and just had their first baby. Bruno and Juliana's SES is lower than their peers who are of Mexican ancestry but who were born in the United States. Bruno and Juliana's baby was born at a healthy weight, due in part to the support of their social network. This phenomenon is called the _____.

Accepted Answer

The correct term is the "Hispanic paradox," which refers to the observation that despite having a lower socioeconomic status (SES), Hispanic immigrants often have better health outcomes than their U.S.-born peers or the general U.S. population. This phenomenon is often attributed to factors such as strong social networks and healthier behaviors maintained from their country of origin.

Question 3

Statistically, which woman has characteristics that make her likely to have a baby with low birthweight?

Accepted Answer

Missing meals can lead to poor nutrition, which is a risk factor for low birthweight in babies.

Question 4

Gabby received good quality prenatal care from the care team at her local hospital. She was informed about what to eat and what to do. They also coached her on what to _____, such as cigarette smoking and very high stress.

Accepted Answer

The sentence states that Gabby was coached on what to avoid, such as cigarette smoking and very high stress. Therefore, the best choice is A, "avoid."

Question 5

A baby born two or more weeks early is called _____.

Accepted Answer

A baby born two or more weeks early is referred to as "preterm."

Question 6

Babies born weighing less than 1,000 grams (2 pounds, 3 ounces) are considered _____.

Accepted Answer

Babies born weighing less than 1,000 grams are considered extremely low birthweight. The other options refer to different weight ranges: low birthweight (1,000-2,500 grams), very low birthweight (less than 1,500 grams), and ultra low birthweight (less than 1,000 grams).

Question 7

Who is most likely to drink alcohol during her pregnancy? A mother who _____.

Accepted Answer

The answer of Who is most likely to drink alcohol...

Question 8

Low folic acid levels during pregnancy can result in _____.

Accepted Answer

Low folic acid levels during pregnancy can result in neural-tube defects such as spina bifida, anencephaly, and encephalocele. It is important for pregnant women to consume enough folic acid to prevent these birth defects.

Question 9

Babies born weighing slightly less than 1,500 grams (3 pounds, 5 ounces) are considered _____.

Accepted Answer

According to the World Health Organization, babies born weighing less than 2,500 grams (5 pounds, 8 ounces) are considered to have a low birthweight. Among this group, babies who weigh less than 1,500 grams (3 pounds, 5 ounces) are classified as having a very low birthweight. Babies weighing less than 1,000 grams (2 pounds, 3 ounces) are classified as extremely low birthweight, and those weighing less than 750 grams (1 pound, 10 ounces) are classified as ultra low birthweight. Therefore, babies weighing slightly less than 1,500 grams would be considered very low birthweight.

Question 10

In the United States, which is a potential reason for the rise in the frequency of low-birthweight babies?

Accepted Answer

Studies have shown that drug use, including tobacco, alcohol, and illegal drugs, during pregnancy increases the risk of low birth weight babies.

Question 11

With respect to test results, a false positive is the result of a laboratory test that reports something as _____.

Accepted Answer

A false positive result is when a laboratory test indicates the presence of a condition or substance when there is actually no true presence of it. This can lead to unnecessary follow-up tests or treatments.

Question 12

Adults who were low-birthweight babies have higher rates of _____.

Accepted Answer

Low-birthweight babies are at a higher risk of developing diabetes as adults due to potential metabolic changes and growth patterns that can affect insulin sensitivity and glucose metabolism.

Question 13

Early prenatal care can help decrease the risk of prenatal abnormalities, but it cannot provide pregnant women with specific information about _____.

Accepted Answer

Early prenatal care can provide general information about substances to avoid, proper nutrition, and treatments for preexisting conditions. However, it cannot provide pregnant women with specific information about exact thresholds for teratogens, as this varies based on individual factors such as genetics, timing of exposure, and dosage.

Question 14

Possible consequences of low birthweight include infant death, hearing impairment, and _____.

Accepted Answer

Low birthweight can lead to various developmental delays, including delayed walking, due to its potential impact on physical and neurological development.

Question 15

The frequency of low birthweight in the United States decreased throughout most of the twentieth century, and then it _____ in the 1990s and early 2000s.

Accepted Answer

The sentence states that the frequency of low birthweight decreased throughout most of the twentieth century but then increased in the 1990s and early 2000s. Therefore, the correct choice is A, which states that it increased.

Question 16

Alice is pregnant and wants to ensure that she does everything she can to prevent the occurrence of a neural-tube defect in her child. She makes sure that she has the proper amount of _____ in her diet.

Accepted Answer

Neural-tube defects are associated with a lack of folic acid in the mother's diet. Adequate intake of folic acid before and during pregnancy has been shown to lower the risk of neural-tube defects in babies. Vitamin D, zinc, and vitamin K are important for overall health, but not specifically in the prevention of neural-tube defects.

Question 17

A baby whose birthweight is significantly lower than expected given the time since conception is referred to as _____.

Accepted Answer

Low birthweight refers to a baby who weighs less than 5 pounds, 8 ounces at birth, while small for gestational age refers to a baby whose weight is below the 10th percentile for their gestational age. Therefore, D is the best choice as it specifically refers to a baby who is smaller than expected for the time since conception.

Question 18

Babies born weighing slightly less than 2,500 grams are considered _____.

Accepted Answer

Babies born weighing slightly less than 2,500 grams are considered to have low birthweight. Very low birthweight is used for babies weighing less than 1,500 grams, while extremely low birthweight is used for babies weighing less than 1,000 grams. Ultra low birthweight is a subcategory of extremely low birthweight for babies weighing less than 750 grams.

Question 19

Which factor influences the effects of teratogens?

Accepted Answer

The timing of the exposure to teratogens plays a crucial role in determining the effects they have on fetal development. The earlier the exposure, the greater the potential for damage. The type and amount of teratogen, as well as genetic factors, can also influence the effects. However, awareness of the parent or season of the year do not directly impact the effects of teratogens.

Question 20

When it comes to the research on prenatal development and teratogens, scientists _____.

Accepted Answer

Scientists may disagree on the interpretation of research on prenatal development and teratogens due to differences in methodology, sample size, or analysis techniques. Thus, there may be different conclusions drawn from the same set of data.

Quiz 4: Prenatal Development and Birth