Question 1

The first studies of observational learning ______.

Accepted Answer

D

Question 2

Herbert and Harsh compared the behavior of cats that had observed a model perform an act 30 times with cats that had observed only 15 performances. They found that _________.

Accepted Answer

The study found that cats that observed 30 performances did substantially better than those that observed 15, indicating that additional observances did have an impact on their behavior.

Question 3

The earliest experiments on observational learning were performed by ______.

Accepted Answer

B

Question 4

Fisher and Harris found that observers learned more when a model _______.

Accepted Answer

Fisher and Harris's research suggests that observers learn more effectively when a model displays negative feedback, such as frowning and shaking their head, as it may highlight incorrect actions or mistakes, thereby facilitating learning through correction.

Question 5

Learning is a change in behavior due to experience. In observational learning, the experience consists of _______.

Accepted Answer

Observational learning involves learning by observing the actions of others and the consequences of those actions, without directly experiencing them oneself.

Question 6

Kanfer and Marston found that college students imitated the reinforced word choices of models. In their study, the observers _______.

Accepted Answer

Kanfer and Marston's study involved observers listening to models on a tape, where the models' word choices were reinforced, leading to imitation by the observers.

Question 7

Ellen Levy and her colleagues found that children would imitate a model's reinforced preferences for _______.

Accepted Answer

Ellen Levy and her colleagues conducted research showing that children would imitate a model's reinforced preferences for pictures. This study is often cited in discussions about observational learning and how reinforcement can influence the preferences and behaviors that children choose to imitate.

Question 8

Primatologist Elizabeth Lornsdorf found that wild young female chimps are more likely than males to learn about __________ .

Accepted Answer

Elizabeth Lornsdorf's research found that young female chimps are more likely to learn about termite fishing than males.

Question 9

Judith Fisher and Mary Harris found that if a model wore an eye patch, observers learned _______.

Accepted Answer

The answer of Judith Fisher and Mary Harris found that...

Question 10

The learning history of observers has a powerful influence on what they learn from models. This is illustrated by the fact that chimpanzees that have had __________ training get more from observing a model than those that have not.

Accepted Answer

The sentence suggests that the learning history of observers has an impact on what they learn from models. The example given after the statement refers to chimpanzees, indicating that this statement applies to animals as well. The sentence further explains that the chimpanzees that have had language training get more from observing a model than those that have not. Therefore, option A) language is the best choice.

Question 11

Social observational learning may be defined as _________.

Accepted Answer

Social observational learning involves a change in behavior due to observing a model, rather than simply imitating the model's behavior or being shaped through operant learning.

Question 12

You hear on the radio that Smash, the most popular rock music performer in Germany, has killed himself. He left a note ("Goodbye, cruel world"). You predict that _______.

Accepted Answer

The suicide of a beloved musician can lead to a phenomenon known as the "Werther effect," where there is a spike in suicides or suicidal gestures among fans. Therefore, it is likely that there may be a rash of suicides or suicidal gestures among German rock music fans following Smash's suicide, making option D the best choice. Options A, B, and C are unlikely, as there is no evidence that Germans would riot, pass laws against rock music, or stop buying it altogether due to one musician's suicide.

Question 13

In a study by Hopper and colleagues, some observers watched a model slide a door and retrieve a desired item. Other observers saw the door slide in the absence of a model, revealing the desired item. The latter procedure is called the __________ condition.

Accepted Answer

The latter procedure is referred to as the "ghost" condition because the door appears to move on its own, without a visible agent causing the action, mimicking the presence of a "ghost." This term is used in studies to differentiate between actions performed by visible agents (models) and those that occur without an observable agent, to investigate understanding of causality and imitation.

Question 14

According to the author of your text, observational learning involves observing

Accepted Answer

The answer of According to the author of your text,...

Question 15

The tendency to imitate modeled behavior even when doing so is not reinforced is called _______.

Accepted Answer

Generalized imitation refers to the tendency to imitate behavior simply because it was observed, even in the absence of reinforcement. It is a form of social learning that is often seen in young children and individuals with developmental disabilities. Superstitious imitation refers to the tendency to repeat behaviors that have been reinforced in the past, despite the lack of a clear connection between the behavior and the reinforcement. Neurotic imitation is not a recognized term in psychology. Habitual imitation refers to the automatic and unconscious reproduction of learned behaviors in response to a specific stimulus or situation.

Question 16

The influence of literary models on behavior was seen in the 18th century with the publication of _________.

Accepted Answer

The Sorrows of Young Werther, published in 1774 by Johann Wolfgang von Goethe, became a trendsetter and cultural phenomenon in Europe. This novel transformed literature and created a new wave of Romanticism, inspiring many young people to copy the protagonist's emotional and impulsive behavior, including suicide. The novel was so influential that it sparked a series of Werther Fever suicides across Europe, and the book was banned in several countries, including Italy and Denmark.

Question 17

Lyons, Young, and Keil actively encouraged children not to imitate the acts of a model that were irrelevant to solving a problem. The result was that the children _________.

Accepted Answer

Despite being encouraged not to imitate irrelevant acts, children still tended to imitate them, demonstrating the strong influence of observational learning.

Question 18

Jill is an impressionable 17-year-old college freshman with average academic skills. She lives in the college dorms with two roommates. One of them, Martha, is bright, attractive, popular, rich, and a
Local celebrity because of her singing; she seldom studies. Jill's other roommate, Ann, is also bright,
But has only a few friends, wears inexpensive clothes, and plays the tuba poorly; she studies all the
Time. On the basis of what you know about observational learning, you predict that Jill will ______.

Accepted Answer

The answer of Jill is an impressionable 17-year-old college freshman...

Question 19

If an observer looks on as a model's behavior is reinforced, we speak of _______.

Accepted Answer

Vicarious reinforcement refers to the reinforcement of behavior through observing another individual receive reinforcement for that behavior. In this scenario, the observer is witnessing the model's behavior being reinforced, which can influence their own behavior through vicarious reinforcement. Model reinforcement and observer reinforcement are not commonly used terms in psychology. Imitation refers to the process of copying another individual's behavior, which may or may not be related to reinforcement.

Question 20

In the Thompson and Russell two-mat study, children who observed a model __________.

Accepted Answer

The Thompson and Russell two-mat study showed that children who observed a model perform the task were able to complete it more successfully than those who did not observe a model. This suggests that the presence of a model can have a positive influence on children's learning and performance.

Quiz 10: Observational Learning