Question 1

At approximately what age are children first able to tell stories with a beginning,middle,and end as well as conversing with multiple people simultaneously?

Accepted Answer

Around the age of 4 to 5 years, children typically develop the ability to tell stories with a clear beginning, middle, and end, as well as participate in group conversations by taking turns and responding appropriately. While children as young as 2 to 3 years old may be able to string together basic narratives and engage in basic conversation, their language skills are not yet fully developed to handle more complex storytelling and social interactions. It is also rare for children to wait until 6 to 7 years old to show these abilities, as most typically develop them earlier. Therefore, B is the best choice.

Question 2

Which of the following statements is most accurate with regard to Piaget's theory?

Accepted Answer

Piaget's theory acknowledges the variability within stages of cognitive development, recognizing that while children may be in the same stage, their understanding of concepts like causality and morality can differ significantly.

Question 3

In Piaget's work with children,he established that a child's process of assimilating new information involves modifying what the child already knows to make the new information fit.This aspect of adaptation is known as what?

Accepted Answer

Piaget's concept of adaptation involves two processes- assimilation and accommodation. Assimilation is the process of fitting new information into existing cognitive schemas, while accommodation involves modifying existing schemas to fit new information. Therefore, the correct answer is C, accommodation.

Question 4

Piaget's research with babies helped him theorize about infant cognition by focusing primarily on their

Accepted Answer

Piaget's research with babies focused on their motor interactions with the environment, particularly how they explored and manipulated objects. He believed that these interactions represented the foundation for cognitive development in infants.

Question 5

According to Piaget's theory of cognitive development,what did he call the stage children typically experience during the preschool years,beginning around the age of 2?

Accepted Answer

According to Piaget, the stage children typically experience during the preschool years, beginning around the age of 2, is the preoperational stage. During this stage, children begin to develop symbolic thought and language, but still struggle with logical reasoning and understanding others' perspectives. The other answer choices, such as sensorimotor, adaptation, or self-regulation, do not accurately describe this particular stage of cognitive development.

Question 6

Which of the following skills or abilities is most closely associated with a child's theory of mind?

Accepted Answer

Perspective taking is the ability to understand and consider other people's thoughts, feelings, and perspectives. This is closely associated with a child's theory of mind, which is the understanding that people have their own thoughts, beliefs, and desires that may differ from one's own. Accommodation is a process of changing one's schema to incorporate new information, centration is the tendency to focus on one aspect of a situation to the exclusion of other aspects, and habitation refers to the decrease in response to a stimulus over time. While all of these skills are important in development, they are not directly associated with a child's theory of mind.

Question 7

Mrs.Harmon,the mother of 18-month-old Bryce,is concerned that Bryce has not learned to speak very well.He has a limited vocabulary and seems content to point to the things he wants.Based on her reading of several child development books,Mrs.Harmon believes that Bryce should have progressed further in language learning.Mrs.Harmon fears that Bryce is not keeping up developmentally.Based on your understanding of the timing of developmental stages,what would be your best advice?

Accepted Answer

Developmental stages can be useful guidelines, but there is a range of normal development within stages. It is not uncommon for children to have a limited vocabulary at 18 months and to rely on pointing to communicate their wants and needs. However, if there are other concerns about Bryce's development, it would be appropriate to consult a pediatrician or refer him for a speech and language evaluation. Pressuring Bryce to learn can be counterproductive, and using flashcards may not necessarily improve his language skills. It is important to remember that each child develops at their own pace and to focus on providing a supportive and stimulating environment rather than comparing them to developmental milestones.

Question 8

Vygotsky and Luria believed that egocentric or private speech was the precursor to what?

Accepted Answer

Vygotsky and Luria believed that egocentric or private speech, in which children talk to themselves aloud, was a way for children to regulate their own behavior and thoughts. This self-regulation is seen as a precursor to self-control and ultimately leads to the ability to adapt to new situations and engage in more complex problem-solving. Egocentrism is a separate concept related to a child's inability to see things from another person's perspective, and accommodation refers to the process of changing one's existing mental schemes to fit new information. Neither of these are direct precursors to private speech or self-regulation.

Question 9

Researchers are discovering new ways to assess the memory of infants.Based on their studies,recognition skills are first detected at what age?

Accepted Answer

The answer of Researchers are discovering new ways to assess...

Question 10

Vygotsky believed that parents and other more advanced thinkers of a culture promoted cognitive development of children or novice learners.What term is used to define this type of help that promotes learning?

Accepted Answer

Vygotsky introduced the concept of scaffolding to describe the type of help provided by more advanced thinkers. Scaffolding refers to the temporary support provided to novice learners to help them perform a task or solve a problem that they would not be able to do on their own. Scaffolding can take the form of asking leading questions, breaking down a task into smaller steps, providing feedback, and modeling how to perform a task.

Question 11

Which of the following widely held assumptions about children's cognitive development was derived from Jean Piaget?

Accepted Answer

Jean Piaget's theory of cognitive development emphasized that children actively construct their knowledge through experiences and interactions with their environment. This concept is commonly known as constructivism. Piaget also believed that children progress through four stages of development, each with unique cognitive abilities and limitations.

Question 12

For babies with normally developing motor,visual,and auditory processes,at what age do they typically begin walking alone?

Accepted Answer

Babies with normally developing motor, visual, and auditory processes typically begin walking alone around the age of 12 months. This is considered a typical developmental milestone, although some babies may start walking a few months earlier or later.

Question 13

Piaget's hidden object test was designed to assess which of the following?

Accepted Answer

The hidden object test is used to assess whether infants have developed the understanding that an object still exists even when it is hidden from their view, known as object permanence. Piaget's theory suggested that this cognitive ability was not fully developed until around 8-9 months old. The other options listed (habituation, dishabituation, and preferential response to objects) are other types of tests used in infant research, but they are not directly assessed by the hidden object test.

Question 14

As children learn a language,what aspect of language do they learn first?

Accepted Answer

Children typically learn the phonology of a language first, which refers to the sounds and pronunciation of the language. This is why babies start babbling at a very young age, trying to mimic the sounds they hear around them. Only after mastering phonology do they begin to learn the other aspects of language such as vocabulary, grammar, and pragmatics.

Question 15

The incidence rate of autism and autistic spectrum disorders is rising.Long-term epidemiological research at the University of California-Davis continues to investigate the cause,and their study focuses on which of the following?

Accepted Answer

The question states that the study is investigating the cause of the rising incidence rate of autism and autistic spectrum disorders. Long-term epidemiological research at the University of California-Davis would suggest a scientific approach that explores genetic and environmental factors, rather than the other options listed, which do not have as strong a basis in scientific evidence.

Question 16

Among our contemporary ideas about children's development,which of the following seems to be directly influenced by Vygotskian theory?

Accepted Answer

Vygotskian theory emphasizes the importance of social and cultural influences on children's development, suggesting that children learn through interactions with more knowledgeable others in their cultural context. This idea is reflected in the contemporary understanding that children's development is shaped by culture.

Question 17

The set of cognitive processes involved in intentionally controlling our own behavior,determining what we pay attention to,setting goals,and choosing our responses to stimuli is called what?

Accepted Answer

Executive functions involve the higher level cognitive processes that allow us to plan, organize, set goals, initiate action, inhibit inappropriate behavior, monitor our performance, and adjust our behavior as needed. These processes are essential for self-regulation and are involved in a broad range of activities, from problem-solving and decision-making to emotion regulation and impulse control.

Question 18

Russian psychologist Lev Vygotsky investigated children's cognitive growth.What was the emphasis of his central theory of cognitive development?

Accepted Answer

Vygotsky's central theory of cognitive development emphasized the role of culture and society in shaping a child's cognitive growth, including the impact of social interactions, language, and cultural tools on a child's development.

Question 19

Piaget's number conservation task provides supporting evidence of what characteristic of preoperational thought?

Accepted Answer

The number conservation task demonstrates centration, which is the tendency of preoperational children to focus only on one aspect of a situation and ignore other relevant features. In this task, children are shown two identical containers with the same amount of liquid. One of the containers is then poured into a taller and thinner container. Preoperational children typically focus only on the height of the container and are unable to conserve the amount of liquid, even though it is the same as before.

Question 20

When a child attempts a task and is unable to do it alone,but succeeds with the help of a person skilled in the task,the child is working in his or her

Accepted Answer

The scenario describes the concept of the zone of proximal development, which is the difference between what a child can do alone and what they can do with assistance. The help provided by the skilled person is called scaffolding, which supports the child's learning and development within their zone of proximal development. The other options (A and C) are related to Piaget's theory of cognitive development and are not applicable in this scenario. Option D is close, but it should be "zone of scaffolding" instead of just "zone of scaffolding."

Quiz 3: Cognitive Development in the Early Years