When at least one or more elements of a true experimental design is absent, it is known as a

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A quasi-experimental design lacks one or more key elements of a true experimental design such as random assignment, control group, or the ability to manipulate independent variables. Nonprobability studies may use experimental designs, but they are not defined solely by the absence of key elements. Randomly assigned control is a component of a true experimental design and is not an answer option for a design that lacks this element.

When at Least One or More Elements of a True