Question 1

Samantha is playing with her infant daughter Rose.Samantha responds to Rose's facial expressions by mimicking and exaggerating the same expressions.All of a sudden,Samantha's face becomes blank and she does not show any emotion.How is Rose likely to respond?

Accepted Answer

Infants rely on their parents' facial expressions and emotional reactions to learn and navigate the social world. If Samantha suddenly stops expressing emotions, Rose is likely to become distressed and attempt to get her mother's attention by fussing or looking away.

Question 2

Eight-month-old Katie's parents often fight and scream,which has escalated to physical violence on multiple occasions.What effect might this environment have on her brain development?

Accepted Answer

Exposure to a stressful and violent environment can negatively affect brain development in infants, leading to slower growth or development in areas like the hypothalamus, which is involved in stress responses and emotional regulation.

Question 3

The crucial aspect of synchrony is:

Accepted Answer

Synchrony is a mutual interaction between adults and infants, where both parties respond and adjust to each other's actions and emotions. It is not just about infants observing or imitating adults, but a dynamic and reciprocal exchange. Unilateral imitation, where only one party is mimicking the other, does not fit the definition of synchrony.

Question 4

According to a longitudinal study on temperament that followed participants into adulthood,which infant is MOST likely to change from infancy to age 4?

Accepted Answer

The answer of According to a longitudinal study on temperament...

Question 5

Experience connects the _____ and the _____,and it helps infants connect their feelings with those of other people.

Accepted Answer

The amygdala is involved in processing emotions and the prefrontal cortex is responsible for regulating emotions and social behavior. Therefore, experience helps infants connect their own emotions with those of others by using these two brain regions. The hippocampus and limbic system are more involved in memory and learning, while the frontal lobes are responsible for decision-making and problem-solving. The brain stem is responsible for basic body functions such as breathing and heart rate, and is not directly involved in emotion regulation.

Question 6

Which young boy is MOST likely to be strongly affected by his mother's responsiveness?

Accepted Answer

Children who are anxious and difficult tend to be more sensitive to their environment, including their mother's responsiveness, which can significantly impact their development and emotional well-being.

Question 7

In one study,mothers were instructed to interact with their infants by copying their babies' facial expressions,and then,on cue,to show no emotional reaction at all.This procedure is called the "_____ technique."

Accepted Answer

The described procedure is known as the "still-face technique," in which the mother is instructed to mimic her infant's facial expressions and then abruptly show no emotional reaction by maintaining a still face. This technique is commonly used to study infant social development and explore the effects of maternal stillness on infants' emotional reactions and coping strategies.

Question 8

Brad is playful but sometimes moody;fussy but generally tolerant;and sometimes quiet and at other times boisterous.His temperament would be categorized as:

Accepted Answer

Brad's behavior displays characteristics of all three temperament types (easy, challenging, and difficult), making it hard to classify him under just one category.

Question 9

James's dad comes home from grocery shopping,sees James sitting on the sofa,and says,"Where's that boy of mine?" James gives his dad a smile that spreads across his entire face,and his dad responds with an exaggerated surprised look.This is an example of:

Accepted Answer

This is an example of synchrony, where James and his dad share a moment of mutual joy and connection through their facial expressions and body language.

Question 10

Synchrony depends on:

Accepted Answer

Synchrony refers to the responsiveness and timing between a caregiver and a child, such as being able to pick up on and respond to the child's cues. Attention span, mood stability, and breast-feeding are not directly related to synchrony.

Question 11

Contemporary researchers believe that there are three dimensions of temperament,each of which affects later personality development and school performance:

Accepted Answer

Contemporary researchers believe that there are three dimensions of temperament- effortful control, negative mood, and exuberance. These dimensions affect later personality development and school performance. Effortful control is characterized by the ability to self-regulate behavior and emotions, while negative mood is characterized by the tendency to experience negative emotions such as fear and anger. Exuberance refers to high levels of positive emotions such as joy and enthusiasm.

Question 12

Which statement about temperament and personality is TRUE?

Accepted Answer

Temperament refers to an individual's innate behavioral and emotional tendencies, while personality encompasses a broader set of characteristics, including temperament, that are shaped by both biological and environmental factors. Therefore, temperament and personality are not the same thing.

Question 13

Researchers placed a dot of rouge on babies' noses and then had them look into a mirror.On average,at what age did MOST babies touch their own noses when they saw their reflection?

Accepted Answer

Most babies begin to recognize themselves in a mirror and touch their own noses when they see the rouge dot around 18 months of age, indicating self-awareness.

Question 14

If we place a dot of rouge on a 20-month-old girl's nose and stand the child in front of a mirror,she may then touch her own nose.This indicates that the child has some:

Accepted Answer

The ability to recognize oneself in a mirror and touch one's own nose after seeing a dot of rouge on it is an indication of self-awareness. This involves a sense of personal identity and awareness of one's own body, which typically begins to develop around 18-24 months of age. The other options - dynamic perception, perceptual constancy, and social referencing - are not directly related to this particular behavior.

Question 15

Research has found that a person's temperament is:

Accepted Answer

Research has shown that temperament, which refers to an individual's characteristic patterns of emotional reactivity, is linked to biological patterns that appear in infancy. This suggests that temperament has a biological basis, rather than being solely influenced by environmental factors such as parenting or early social interactions.

Question 16

Lee and Rosa want to enhance their synchrony with their 6-month-old daughter.They can BEST do this by:

Accepted Answer

Imitating a baby's vocal and facial expressions helps in building synchrony and strengthens the parent-child bond by engaging the baby in a responsive and interactive manner.

Question 17

Zach,20 months,recently started using first-person pronouns.His mother is somewhat concerned that Zach constantly asserts his rights to objects,shouting,"Mine!" Even when playing with his brother,Zach doesn't want to share toys,instead insisting that everything is "mine." What does Zach's behavior show about his emotional development?

Accepted Answer

Zach's use of first-person pronouns and assertion of ownership shows that he has developed a sense of self-awareness, which is an important milestone in emotional development for children. His behavior is typical for his age, as young children often struggle with sharing and understanding that other people have their own perspectives and desires. Discipline is not the appropriate response in this situation, as it is important for Zach to continue developing his sense of self while also learning to cooperate and share with others.

Question 18

What are the four categories of temperament suggested by the New York Longitudinal Study?

Accepted Answer

The New York Longitudinal Study suggested that there are four categories of temperament: easy, difficult, slow-to-warm-up, and hard-to-classify. Option A is incorrect as "unregulated" is not one of the categories. Option B is incorrect as "insurgent" is not a category used in the study. Option D is incorrect as "mellow" and "tense" are not categories used in the study.

Question 19

The coordinated interaction between caregiver and infant is called:

Accepted Answer

The coordinated interaction between caregiver and infant is called synchrony, where the two are mutually responsive to each other's cues and behaviors. Scaffolding refers to the way caregivers support and guide a child's development, symbiosis refers to a close relationship between two organisms, and interplay is a more general term for any type of interaction between individuals.

Question 20

According to the New York Longitudinal Study,at what age can infants' temperaments first be classified?

Accepted Answer

According to the New York Longitudinal Study, infants' temperaments can first be classified at 3 months of age.

Quiz 4: The First Two Years: The Social World