Question 1

An increased capacity in the area of ________ is characterized by deliberate efforts to manage one's behavior, emotions, and thoughts that lead to increased social competence and achievement.

Accepted Answer

The description given matches the concept of self-regulation, which refers to the ability to manage one's behavior, emotions, and thoughts in order to achieve goals and improve social competence. Scheme internalization refers to the process of incorporating new information and experiences into existing cognitive structures, behavior modification focuses on changing specific behaviors through reinforcement, and self-continuation is not a recognized psychological concept. Therefore, the best choice is B, self-regulation.

Question 2

Which of the following has NOT been linked to low self-esteem?

Accepted Answer

Arrogance is actually often linked to high self-esteem, as it involves an exaggerated sense of one's own importance or abilities. The other options, obesity, anxiety, and delinquency, have all been linked to low self-esteem.

Question 3

A 10-year-old is most likely to describe himself by saying,

Accepted Answer

At the age of 10, children tend to describe themselves in terms of their personality traits and social relationships. Option C reflects this by mentioning "nice" and having a close friend named Tom. The other options focus on external factors such as age, physical appearance, and living situation.

Question 4

Which of the following actions is desirable when attempting to raise children's self-esteem?

Accepted Answer

Teaching children real skills that they can master and apply is desirable when attempting to raise children's self-esteem. This helps children feel competent and accomplished, which in turn can increase their self-esteem. Encouraging children not to worry about their problems, focusing exclusively on areas of weaknesses, and motivating children by rewarding poor or mediocre performance can all have negative effects on children's self-esteem.

Question 5

Self-concept refers to ________ evaluations of the self.

Accepted Answer

Self-concept is domain-specific as individuals have different evaluations of themselves in different areas such as academic, social, and athletic abilities. While self-concept can have universal components, such as a broad sense of self-worth, it ultimately is influenced by one's perception of their abilities, beliefs, and experiences in specific domains. Self-concept does not necessarily have to be normative or age-appropriate, it is simply the perceptions and evaluations one has of themselves.

Question 6

Jeremy is 9 years old. He is mediocre in terms of his academic and extracurricular performance and suffers from low self-esteem. His parents have been using various strategies to help him increase his self-esteem. Which of the following strategies they have been using is the LEAST likely to be effective?

Accepted Answer

Helping Jeremy avoid self-evaluative thoughts is the least likely to be effective strategy. Instead, it is important to help Jeremy develop skills to cope with and challenge negative self-evaluative thoughts, as avoiding them altogether is not a realistic or effective long-term solution. The other strategies listed in the options can be helpful in enhancing Jeremy's self-esteem by providing him with a sense of competence and achievement, emotional support, and tangible skills to improve his academic and extracurricular performance.

Question 7

Bernard has low self-esteem. Which of the following is more likely to be TRUE of Bernard, compared to those with normal or high levels of self-esteem?

Accepted Answer

Those with low self-esteem are at higher risk for depression and suicide compared to those with normal or high levels of self-esteem. A is incorrect as those with low self-esteem often have feelings of inadequacy and inferiority. C is incorrect as arrogance and conceit are associated with high self-esteem. D is incorrect as those with low self-esteem often struggle with body image issues and may not believe themselves to be good looking.

Question 8

In middle and late childhood, children tend to

Accepted Answer

During middle and late childhood, children become more skeptical of others' claims and tend to question authority figures. They begin to think more logically, which leads to a greater understanding of others' perspectives and the ability to recognize contradictions in statements made by others. Self-descriptions at this age also tend to involve more psychological characteristics rather than just physical and material attributes. Social comparison remains a significant factor in their self-evaluations, and they may experience difficulties in performing prosocial behaviors due to peer pressures and desire for social acceptance.

Question 9

According to Erik Erikson, during middle and late childhood, children are in the stage of

Accepted Answer

During middle and late childhood, according to Erik Erikson's theory, children face the psychosocial crisis of industry versus inferiority. At this stage, children are eager to learn new skills and take on new challenges. Success in these endeavors leads to a sense of competence and mastery, while failure can lead to feelings of inferiority and inadequacy.

Question 10

The industry versus inferiority stage is the ________ stage of Erikson's stages of psychosocial development.

Accepted Answer

The industry versus inferiority stage is the fourth stage of Erikson's stages of psychosocial development, occurring approximately between the ages of 5 and 12 years.

Question 11

Which of the following statements is TRUE with regard to children's ability to understand others in middle and late childhood?

Accepted Answer

Perspective taking in middle and late childhood improves children's ability to sympathize with those in distress, as they become more able to recognize and understand other people's emotions and perspectives. A is false because there is a gradual increase, not decrease, in perspective taking. B is false because there is no evidence of a high correlation between perspective taking and antisocial behavior. D is false because cognitive inhibition and flexibility are not directly related to perspective taking.

Question 12

According to recent research, which of the following is a long-term consequence of low self-esteem?

Accepted Answer

Low self-esteem has been linked to decreased life satisfaction as individuals may feel less confident and have negative beliefs about themselves and their abilities, leading to a lack of fulfillment in various aspects of life. While low self-esteem can also potentially impact one's career and financial stability, it is not a guaranteed long-term consequence. Additionally, there is no evidence to suggest that low self-esteem leads to increased marital satisfaction.

Question 13

What is a possible unintended outcome, noted by researchers, of providing inflated praise to children for mediocre work?

Accepted Answer

Providing inflated praise for mediocre work may lead children to believe that their work is better than it actually is, causing them to avoid tasks that are too challenging and may expose their true abilities. This can ultimately hinder their personal growth and development.

Question 14

Which of the following is TRUE with regard to self-esteem?

Accepted Answer

Self-esteem refers to global evaluations of the self, including feelings of self-worth and self-respect. It is not synonymous with self-concept, which is a broader term that encompasses all of the beliefs and attitudes that a person holds about themselves. Research has consistently linked low self-esteem to negative outcomes such as depression, anxiety, and poor academic and social functioning. While a person's self-esteem can change over time based on their experiences and feedback from others, it is not necessarily accurate to say that a child's belief about their self-esteem is always accurate or unchanging.

Question 15

________ refers to domain-specific evaluations of the self.

Accepted Answer

The answer of ________ refers to domain-specific evaluations of the...

Question 16

A study revealed that low levels of self-esteem were correlated to low academic achievement among children and adolescents. In this context, which of the following conclusions can be inferred?

Accepted Answer

The study found a correlation between low self-esteem and low academic achievement, indicating that the two factors are associated with each other. However, it does not necessarily mean that low self-esteem causes low academic achievement or that increasing self-esteem would significantly improve academic achievement. It also does not provide evidence for the assertion in option D. Therefore, option C is the most accurate inference.

Question 17

During the elementary school years, children become more likely to recognize

Accepted Answer

During the elementary school years, children become more aware of their social identities, relationships, and belonging in various groups. They start to perceive the social aspects of their self-concept, such as gender, race, ethnicity, nationality, culture, language, religion, and social class, which are learned through interaction with others, feedback, and cultural norms. The material attributes of the self, such as possessions or abilities, are more salient in the preschool years, whereas physical characteristics such as appearance or health are relevant throughout development. It is also important to note that social comparison is a natural and adaptive process that helps children evaluate their skills, knowledge, and worth, although it can have negative effects if it leads to excessive self-criticism or envy. Therefore, option B is the best choice as it captures the developmental trend of social self-awareness in elementary school children.

Question 18

________ refers to global evaluations of the self; it is also called self-worth or self-image.

Accepted Answer

Self-esteem refers to one's overall evaluation of oneself. It is often categorized as either high or low and can be influenced by a variety of factors, including achievement, social relationships, and personal experiences. Self-actualization refers to the process of fulfilling one's potential and achieving self-fulfillment, while self-efficacy refers to one's belief in their ability to successfully perform a specific task or behavior. Self-concept is a broader term that encompasses an individual's beliefs, attitudes, and perceptions about themselves in various contexts.

Question 19

Joanna, a fourth grader, loves to go to school. Joanna's parents are amazed at how quickly she understands concepts, internalizes skills, and makes friends at school. Yesterday, Joanna came home and told her parents that the working model of a windmill that she had made with her friends was put on display in class and applauded widely by everyone. Joanna is likely to develop a sense of ________ from her adjustments and accomplishments at this stage, according to Erikson's psychosocial theory.

Accepted Answer

Erikson's psychosocial theory states that the fourth stage, which occurs during ages 6-12, is characterized by the challenge of industry versus inferiority. This is the stage where children begin to develop competence in academic and social skills, and where they begin to feel a sense of accomplishment and pride in their work. Joanna's ability to understand concepts quickly, internalize skills, and make friends at school, as well as her excitement over her windmill model being displayed and applauded, demonstrate her positive sense of industry.

Question 20

Erikson's fourth stage, industry versus inferiority, appears during

Accepted Answer

Erikson's fourth stage, industry versus inferiority, occurs during middle and late childhood, typically from ages 6 to 11. This is a time when children are focused on developing skills and competencies in various areas, such as schoolwork, sports, and other hobbies. Children who are successful in this stage develop a sense of pride and accomplishment in their abilities, while those who struggle may feel inferior and inadequate.

Quiz 13: Socioemotional Development in Middle in Late Childhood