Why Does Vicarious Punishment Seem to Produce Less of an Effect

Why does vicarious punishment seem to produce less of an effect than vicarious reinforcement?

A) We are less likely to identify with someone who is getting punished.
B) We are more likely to identify with someone who is getting punished.
C) Punished behaviors are covert while reinforced behaviors are overt.
D) People are so careful to avoid danger that seeing someone else get punished makes no additional change (i.e. they are already as careful as possible) .