Question 1

To do research on the effects of birth order on personality or behavior,it is important to use

Accepted Answer

The answer of To do research on the effects of...

Question 2

Parents who set firm rules for their children,without explaining why those rules are good,and who tend to be cold and distant to their children,are known as __________ parents.

Accepted Answer

Authoritarian parents are characterized by their strict rules and lack of warmth or explanation for their behavior. This approach can create obedient children but can also lead to resentment and rebellion in the long run.

Question 3

A psychologist reports that authoritative parents tend to have well-behaved children,and suggests that the parenting style influenced the children's personality development.Before we accept this conclusion,it would be most important to check whether the same results also occur in

Accepted Answer

Checking whether the same results occur in adopted children would be crucial because adopted children have a different genetic background and may have had different experiences in their early life compared to biological children. This would provide evidence for whether the parenting style or genetics had a greater influence on personality development. Checking other parts of the country, children of other ages, or parents with less education may provide interesting comparisons but would not directly address the question of whether the parenting style influenced personality development, so they are less important to check first.

Question 4

Many psychologists now argue that parents' actions have little effect on their children's personality.The main evidence for this conclusion is that,on the average,

Accepted Answer

The fact that the personality of adopted children correlates poorly with that of their adopting parents (who have no genetic relationship with them) suggests that genetics rather than parenting has a stronger influence on personality.

Question 5

Cross-cultural studies of parenting show that

Accepted Answer

Cross-cultural studies have found that there is great variation in the amount of time that mothers spend with their infants. This can depend on factors such as cultural beliefs, economic circumstances, and availability of child care. Some cultures may prioritize mother-infant bonding and encourage full-time mothering, while others may rely on extended family or paid caregivers to share the responsibility of child-rearing. It is important to note that these cultural differences do not necessarily reflect better or worse outcomes for children, but rather different approaches to parenting.

Question 6

Research that has explored the personality of adopted children and their parents has shown

Accepted Answer

Research indicates that the personality traits of adopted children tend to show little to no correlation with those of their adoptive parents, suggesting that genetics play a significant role in personality development over the adoptive environment.

Question 7

Children who show self-reliance and self-control,cooperate with others,and generally do well in school are most characteristic of children whose parents have a/an __________ parenting style.

Accepted Answer

Children who exhibit self-reliance and self-control, cooperate with others, and perform well academically are most characteristic of those raised by authoritative parents. These parents are firm yet loving, setting clear expectations and boundaries while still encouraging independence and autonomy. This parenting style is linked to positive outcomes in children's social, emotional, and academic development.

Question 8

European-American children of authoritarian parents tend to

Accepted Answer

Children of authoritarian parents often experience a strict, controlling, and punitive upbringing, which can lead to feelings of discontent and distrust towards authority figures and others.

Question 9

Parents who are demanding and impose firm controls,yet are also warm and responsive to their children,are known as __________ parents.

Accepted Answer

Authoritative parents are known for being both demanding and responsive. They set clear expectations and limits for their children, but also provide warmth and support. This type of parenting style has been shown to lead to positive outcomes for children, such as higher academic achievement, better self-esteem, and fewer behavior problems.

Authoritarian parents, on the other hand, are highly demanding but not very responsive. They may have strict rules and punishment for disobedience, but do not offer much emotional support or encouragement. This can lead to children who are obedient but may lack confidence or struggle with decision-making skills.

Permissive parents are the opposite of authoritarian parents. They are highly responsive but not very demanding, allowing their children to make their own decisions and avoid consequences. This can lead to children who struggle with discipline and have difficulty with authority figures.

Cohort is not a parenting style and is an unrelated term referring to a group of people who share a common characteristic or experience.

Question 10

The negative effects of a divorce on the children tend to be milder if

Accepted Answer

The answer of The negative effects of a divorce on...

Question 11

What major personality difference,if any,is consistently found between children raised in traditional families and children raised in nontraditional families?

Accepted Answer

Numerous studies have been conducted on this topic, and the overwhelming conclusion is that there are no major personality differences between children raised in traditional and nontraditional families. Factors such as parenting style, level of conflict, and family dynamics have a greater impact on a child's personality development than the type of family they are raised in.

Question 12

If an immigrant to the United States is able to alternate between his native culture and that of the United States,he is showing

Accepted Answer

Biculturalism refers to the ability to function in two distinct cultures, often including the ability to alternate between them. Total assimilation would mean completely adopting the dominant culture and abandoning one's native culture, which is not necessarily the case in biculturalism. Bilingualism may be a part of biculturalism but is not the defining characteristic. Difficulties with acculturation refer to challenges in adjusting to a new culture, which is not applicable if the individual is able to alternate between cultures seamlessly.

Question 13

Research that seems to show that first born children have higher IQs than later born children

Accepted Answer

Research indicating that first-born children have higher IQs than their later-born siblings often correlates with the finding that average IQ is higher in smaller families. This is because first-borns are more common in smaller families, where resources and parental attention per child are typically greater, potentially contributing to higher IQ scores.

Question 14

Research on parenting style and children's behavior

Accepted Answer

Research on parenting style and children's behavior is correlational, meaning that it can show a relationship between certain parenting styles and children's behavior, but it cannot determine cause and effect. Factors beyond just parenting style can also influence children's behavior, such as genetics and the child's peer group. Therefore, it is not accurate to say that parenting style directly causes children's behavior or that children's behavior causes parents to adopt a particular style.

Question 15

"Authoritative" parents who set high standards and communicate sympathetically with their children tend to have well-behaved children.What conclusion,if any,can we draw from these data?

Accepted Answer

Correlational data only shows a relationship between two variables, but it cannot determine cause and effect. Therefore, we cannot conclude that authoritative parenting causes well-behaved children or that well-behaved children cause sympathetic parenting. Other factors may be involved.

Question 16

A researcher tests all the students in one college and finds that the first-borns have higher GPAs than later-born children,on the average.One possible explanation is that the results reflect the influence of birth order.The other explanation is that the results depend on differences between

Accepted Answer

Birth order and family size are closely related. First-born children are more likely to come from smaller families, where they receive more attention and resources from their parents. Later-born children are more likely to come from larger families, where they must compete with their siblings for attention and resources. This could explain why first-borns have higher GPAs on average, as they may receive more support from their parents.

Question 17

Many studies have reported differences in personality or achievement between first-born and later born children.However,most of those studies can be faulted for confusing birth order effects with the effects of

Accepted Answer

Many of the reported differences between first-born and later-born children may actually be due to differences in family size, rather than birth order specifically. Larger families may have less parental attention, resources, and support to go around, which could affect the personality or achievement of all children in the family, regardless of birth order.

Question 18

Many studies have reported a relationship between parenting style and children's behavior,implying that parents cause changes in their children.An alternative explanation is that the parents' and children's behavior are related to each other because the parents and children share the same

Accepted Answer

Genetics could explain the relationship between parenting style and children's behavior, as traits and behaviors are often passed down from parent to child through genetic inheritance.

Question 19

Many psychologists have drawn cause-and-effect conclusions from relationships seen between parents' behavior and their children's behavior.The conclusion that parents influence their children would be more justifiable if the results were the same for

Accepted Answer

Comparing the behavior of biological and adopted children living with their respective parents would provide a better understanding of the influence of parents on their children, as it would help eliminate any genetic factors that may also be impacting their behavior.

Question 20

A longitudinal study of 2,402 low-income families examined the behavior of children (preschoolers as well as older children)before the mother started working and after they had been placed in day care.The results showed

Accepted Answer

The longitudinal study found no behavioral changes in the preschoolers and slight benefits for the older kids.

Quiz 5: Nature, nurture, and Human Development