Question 1

Which statement demonstrates that nonhuman animals may possess episodic memory?

Accepted Answer

Episodic memory involves recalling specific events, situations, and experiences, including their context and the individuals involved. Choice B indicates an ability to remember a specific event (eating fruit), its context (the type of fruit and the giver), which aligns with the characteristics of episodic memory.

Question 2

In a 1972 study, Bransford and Johnson read an abstract passage aloud to participants who then had to recall as much information as possible. Some participants were also shown a picture that was described by the passage either before or after they heard the passage read. Which group remembered the MOST information?

Accepted Answer

Participants who saw the picture before hearing the passage remembered the most information because the image provided a context or framework that helped them organize and interpret the information in the passage more effectively.

Question 3

According to Tulving, animals cannot maintain episodic memories because animals:

Accepted Answer

Tulving argued that episodic memory involves the recollection of specific events, situations, and experiences, including a sense of self in time. He believed that animals lack episodic memory because they do not possess a sufficiently developed sense of self, which is crucial for forming and recalling episodic memories.

Question 4

If one were shown a picture of graduation taken from a different vantage point from where one was seated, one would likely still be able to recognize the scene. This demonstrates that memories:

Accepted Answer

The answer of If one were shown a picture of...

Question 5

The types of memories that are NOT always consciously accessible and are difficult to verbalize are called _____ memories.

Accepted Answer

Nondeclarative memories, also known as implicit memories, are not always consciously accessible and are difficult to verbalize. These include skills, habits, and conditioned responses.

Question 6

According to Tulving and other researchers the ability to maintain episodic memories requires the ability to:

Accepted Answer

Episodic memory, as described by Tulving, involves the ability to recall specific events, situations, and experiences from one's past. This type of memory allows individuals to "mentally time-travel" to relive and review past experiences, distinguishing it from other types of memory such as procedural or semantic memory.

Question 7

Which statement explains the relationship between episodic and semantic memory?

Accepted Answer

The answer of Which statement explains the relationship between episodic...

Question 8

H.M. could learn to read mirror-reversed text. This is an example of:

Accepted Answer

Implicit memory involves the unconscious retention of information, such as skills or habits. H.M.'s ability to learn to read mirror-reversed text without being able to explicitly recall learning it is an example of implicit memory, as it demonstrates the acquisition of a skill without conscious awareness.

Question 9

Which statement is TRUE regarding episodic memory?

Accepted Answer

Episodic memory allows individuals to recall personal experiences, including the context in which they occurred, such as time and place. This type of memory can indeed be communicated in different formats from how it was originally experienced, distinguishing it from other memory types that might be more rigid in their recall process.

Question 10

Mere exposure to visual details on coins:

Accepted Answer

Mere exposure to visual details on coins typically has no impact on memory for the details, as people often do not pay attention to or remember specific details of common objects they see frequently.

Question 11

One difference between episodic and semantic memory is that episodic memory _____, while semantic memory _____.

Accepted Answer

Episodic memory is unique in that it can be acquired in a single exposure (e.g., remembering a specific event), whereas semantic memory, which involves facts and general knowledge, usually requires repetition or multiple exposures to be firmly established.

Question 12

Which statement demonstrates Tulving's idea about when episodic and semantic memories develop?

Accepted Answer

Tulving's theory suggests that semantic memory (knowledge about the world, such as what a picnic is) forms a foundation for episodic memory (personal experiences, such as going on a picnic). Therefore, understanding the concept of a picnic precedes and enables the recollection of a specific picnic event.

Question 13

One knows that cows produce milk. If this knowledge has grown out of one's repeated experiences observing cows being milked, this would suggest that:

Accepted Answer

Semantic memory, which involves facts and general knowledge, can grow out of episodic memory, which involves personal experiences. Observing cows being milked multiple times (episodic memory) can lead to the general knowledge that cows produce milk (semantic memory).

Question 14

If one has recently attended several parties, one may have a hard time remembering the details of the events that occurred at any one particular party. That person's difficulty demonstrates that a(n) _____ memory can be _____ by exposure to similar information.

Accepted Answer

Episodic memory is related to personal experiences and specific events in time, so it can be weakened by exposure to similar information, making it harder to distinguish between those events.

Question 15

According to the findings of Bransford and Johnson regarding the effects of context on memory, one will remember material from the course lectures BEST if he:

Accepted Answer

Bransford and Johnson's research suggests that having context before learning new information aids in better understanding and memory retention. Reading the assigned chapter before the lecture provides this context, enhancing comprehension and recall.

Question 16

Episodic memories are _____ memories, and semantic memories are _____ memories.

Accepted Answer

Episodic memories (specific events or episodes) and semantic memories (facts and general knowledge) are both types of declarative memory, which refers to memories that can be consciously recalled.

Question 17

Tulving proposed that:

Accepted Answer

The answer of Tulving proposed that:
...

Question 18

In a 1972 study, Bransford and Johnson read an abstract passage aloud to participants who then had to recall as much information as possible. Some participants were also shown a picture that was described by the passage either before or after they heard the passage read. The results of this study demonstrated that memory is better when the information:

Accepted Answer

The study by Bransford and Johnson showed that providing a relevant picture (context) before hearing the passage improved recall, demonstrating that memory is better when new information can be interpreted in the context of things one already knows.

Question 19

When the BBC played an announcement 25 times a day for several weeks, listeners' memories for the announcement _____, demonstrating that mere exposure to information _____.

Accepted Answer

The correct answer is D because the statement illustrates that despite frequent exposure to the announcement, listeners' memories did not improve, indicating that mere exposure to information does not necessarily enhance memory retention.

Question 20

Evidence suggests that nonhuman animals probably have:

Accepted Answer

Research in animal cognition suggests that some nonhuman animals, including certain birds and mammals, exhibit behaviors indicative of both semantic and episodic memory. Semantic memory involves general knowledge about the world, while episodic memory relates to the ability to recall specific events or experiences. Studies, for example, on scrub jays demonstrate their ability to remember what, where, and when specific food items were cached, indicating elements of episodic memory. Other research shows animals can learn and remember concepts (semantic memory), such as tool use or social hierarchies.

Quiz 7: Episodic and Semantic Memory: Memory for Events and for Facts