Question 1

According to your text,the greater the degree of similarity,the greater the likelihood of ____.

Accepted Answer

The greater the degree of similarity between two pieces of information, the greater the likelihood of interference, where one memory competes with or replaces another memory.

Question 2

Which of the following observations is NOT correct?

Accepted Answer

Decay is a concept primarily associated with short-term memory, where information fades over time if not actively maintained or rehearsed. In long-term memory, forgetting is less about decay and more often attributed to factors like interference, failure to retrieve, or inadequate encoding.

Question 3

Jason remembers where he was when he learned about the terrorist attacks on the World Trade Center in 2001.He remembers he was in the library of his school talking to a friend.He remembers the color of the carpet in the library,the expressions on his friend's face,and the fact that it was just after arriving at the school from home.Jason's remembering this incident is an example of a(n)____.

Accepted Answer

Flashbulb memories are vivid, detailed memories of significant events, often with an emotional component, like remembering where one was during the terrorist attacks on September 11, 2001.

Question 4

Who concluded that information already stored in long-term memory strongly influences how we both encode and later remember new information?

Accepted Answer

Sir Frederic Bartlett concluded that pre-existing knowledge in long-term memory affects how new information is encoded and remembered, emphasizing the role of schemas in memory processes.

Question 5

Beyond the influence of interference,sometimes people forget things because they want to forget them.This is called ____.

Accepted Answer

Motivated forgetting is a theory that suggests people forget things because they either do not want to remember them or for psychological reasons, such as avoiding thoughts related to trauma or unpleasant events.

Question 6

____ occurs when previously learned information acts forward in time to interfere with the remembering of more recently learned information.

Accepted Answer

Proactive interference occurs when older memories interfere with the retrieval of newer memories.

Question 7

____ occurs when someone consciously tries to forget something.

Accepted Answer

Suppression is the conscious effort to put something out of mind or to keep it from awareness, which aligns with the description of someone consciously trying to forget something. Repression, on the other hand, is an unconscious process. Malingering involves feigning illness for a secondary gain, and false memory involves the creation of memories about events that did not occur.

Question 8

Forgetting due to the passage of time is known as ____.

Accepted Answer

Forgetting due to the passage of time is known as decay, according to the decay theory of memory. This theory suggests that memories fade or decay gradually over time if they are not accessed or used.

Question 9

Forgetting due to interference from newly learned information is known as ____.

Accepted Answer

Retroactive interference occurs when newly learned information interferes with the recall of previously learned information.

Question 10

Mark is having a difficult time understanding the grammar of a foreign language.He keeps trying to apply the grammar of his native tongue to learning this new language.This is most likely an example of ____.

Accepted Answer

This is an example of proactive interference, where old information (the grammar of his native language) interferes with the learning of new information (the grammar of a foreign language).

Question 11

It is highly questionable whether a childhood experience that was encoded using a toddler's sensorimotor schemes can be accurately retrieved using an adult's formal operational schemes.What memory principle could explain this retrieval problem?

Accepted Answer

The encoding specificity principle suggests that memory is most effectively retrieved when the conditions at the time of encoding are similar to those at the time of retrieval. Since a toddler's sensorimotor schemes are quite different from an adult's formal operational schemes, retrieving memories encoded with the former using the latter would be difficult, explaining the retrieval problem.

Question 12

Which of the following accounts for those instances when we forget new acquaintances' names or misplace our cell phones?

Accepted Answer

Absentmindedness accounts for these instances because it involves a lapse in attention or forgetting to do something at a particular time, such as remembering a name or where you placed an item like a cell phone.

Question 13

In Hermann Ebbinghaus's "forgetting curve," more than 40 percent of the material was forgotten after just ____.

Accepted Answer

The answer of In Hermann Ebbinghaus's "forgetting curve," more than...

Question 14

The search for the memory trace,or ____,has been the focus of neuroscientists for more than 50 years.

Accepted Answer

The correct term for the memory trace that neuroscientists have been searching for is "engram." This term specifically refers to the physical or biochemical manifestation of memory in the brain.

Question 15

What is one of the primary problems surrounding claims by adults concerning recently "remembered" memories of early childhood abuse?

Accepted Answer

Infantile amnesia refers to the inability of adults to recall genuine memories from the early years of life, typically before the age of 3-4, making claims of "remembered" early childhood abuse problematic.

Question 16

Who is generally credited with providing the theoretical framework for understanding motivated forgetting?

Accepted Answer

Sigmund Freud is generally credited with providing the theoretical framework for understanding motivated forgetting, particularly through his theories on repression.

Question 17

Who discovered that most forgetting occurs during the first 9 hours after learning?

Accepted Answer

Hermann Ebbinghaus was a German psychologist who pioneered the experimental study of memory. He is best known for his discovery of the forgetting curve, which shows that most forgetting occurs soon after learning, with the rate of forgetting decreasing over time.

Question 18

Which of the following statements is NOT correct?

Accepted Answer

Retroactive and proactive interference both contribute to forgetting, but it is not definitively established that retroactive interference causes more forgetting than proactive interference. The extent of their impact can vary depending on the context and the type of information being remembered.

Question 19

Freud believed that ____ occurs when a person unconsciously "pushes" unpleasant memories out of conscious awareness.

Accepted Answer

Freud believed that repression occurs when a person unconsciously "pushes" unpleasant memories out of conscious awareness, as part of his psychoanalytic theory. Repression is a defense mechanism that operates unconsciously to help reduce anxiety by making the memories inaccessible.

Question 20

The inability to remember events that occurred before the age of 3 is known as ____.

Accepted Answer

Infantile amnesia refers to the inability of adults to recall memories from the early years of life, typically before the age of 3.

Quiz 7: Memory