Question 1

Suppose you are asked to use the standard time trade-off approach to measuring quality of life and are given the following information. An individual is faced with living the remaining 10 years of her life suffering from severe osteoporosis. She reveals that she would be willing to give up four of those years to live the remaining six in perfect health. What is the utility of one year in the chronic health state relative to perfect health?

Accepted Answer

The utility of one year in the chronic health state is calculated by dividing the number of years in perfect health (6) by the total number of years in the chronic state (10), resulting in a utility of 0.6.

Question 2

The direct costs in an economic evaluation include the all the following except

Accepted Answer

Reduced productivity at work is considered an indirect cost, not a direct cost, in economic evaluations. Direct costs typically include expenses directly related to medical treatment and care.

Question 3

The standard cut-off for cost per QALY is

Accepted Answer

A

Question 4

Which of the following measures of effectiveness is not a surrogate measure?

Accepted Answer

A hip fracture is a direct clinical outcome, not a surrogate measure. Surrogate measures are indirect indicators used to predict clinical outcomes.

Question 5

When measuring effectiveness of a treatment, surrogate measures reflect clinical efficacy and include

Accepted Answer

Surrogate measures are indirect measures of clinical outcomes. Bone-mass density (BMD) is a surrogate measure for bone health and fracture risk, whereas recurrence of disease, death, hip fractures, and scores on evaluative exams are direct clinical outcomes.

Question 6

Cost-effectiveness considerations are more formally integrated into health policy making in

Accepted Answer

Cost-effectiveness considerations are more formally integrated into health policy making in Europe, Canada, and Australia.

Question 7

The intangible costs associated with reduced quality of life include

Accepted Answer

Pain and suffering are considered intangible costs because they do not have a direct monetary value and are subjective experiences that affect quality of life.

Question 8

Researchers estimate QALYs in a number of different ways. One popular approach is called

Accepted Answer

The standard gamble is a popular method used to estimate Quality-Adjusted Life Years (QALYs) by assessing individuals' preferences for different health states under conditions of uncertainty.

Question 9

Researchers use cost-of-illness studies to

Accepted Answer

The answer of Researchers use cost-of-illness studies to
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Question 10

Steps in performing a cost-effectiveness analysis include all of these EXCEPT

Accepted Answer

Prioritizing the alternative treatment options is not a standard step in cost-effectiveness analysis. The process involves ranking, calculating ICERs, and eliminating dominated options, but prioritization is not typically part of the analysis itself.

Quiz 4: Economic Evaluation in Health Care