Question 1

When a significant amount of time passes between the first and second treatment so that one or more things could be at least partially responsible for a change seen in the research participants, it could be an example of regression artifacts.

Accepted Answer

Regression artifacts refer to statistical phenomena where extreme scores tend to move towards the average on subsequent measurements, not changes due to time or external factors.

Question 2

Attrition refers to the loss of people who do not complete the study.

Accepted Answer

Attrition in research refers to participants dropping out or not completing a study, which can affect the study's results and validity.

Question 3

Multiple validity is used to describe how well a researcher using mixed methods has tackled and resolved the applicable validity types.

Accepted Answer

Multiple validity refers to the consideration of various validity types in mixed methods research to ensure the study's overall validity.

Question 4

When researchers exhibit bias they might have a tendency find exactly what they were looking for.

Accepted Answer

Bias in research can lead to confirmation bias, where researchers unconsciously seek out or interpret data in a way that confirms their pre-existing beliefs or hypotheses.

Question 5

External validity refers to the degree to which the study results can be generalized to and across populations of persons, settings, times, outcomes, and treatment variations.

Accepted Answer

External validity is concerned with the extent to which the findings of a study can be applied to other contexts beyond the specific conditions of the original study.

Question 6

Qualitative researchers are often concerned with nomothetic causation because it helps them to understand causes in specific situations and some of these causes might be unique to the situation or context.

Accepted Answer

Qualitative researchers are more concerned with idiographic causation, which focuses on understanding specific cases or contexts in depth, rather than nomothetic causation, which seeks generalizable laws or patterns.

Question 7

Internal validity refers to the degree to which a researcher can accurately claim that a causal relationship exists between two variables.

Accepted Answer

Internal validity assesses whether the observed effects in a study are due to the manipulation of the independent variable and not other factors, thus supporting claims of causality.

Question 8

Differential selection produces similar comparison groups.

Accepted Answer

Differential selection refers to the process where different criteria or methods are used to select participants for comparison groups, leading to dissimilar groups.

Question 9

In Sally's research study, a member of a control group was exposed to part of the treatment condition. This is known as:
A) Effect size
B) External validity
C) Replication
D) Treatment diffusion

Accepted Answer

Treatment diffusion occurs when members of a control group are inadvertently exposed to elements of the treatment condition, potentially contaminating the study results.

Question 10

Ecological validity is present when a study results can be generalized to different settings.

Accepted Answer

Ecological validity refers to the extent to which research findings can be applied to real-world settings, indicating that the results are generalizable beyond the controlled conditions of the study.

Question 11

Treatment diffusion occurs when the researcher has not operationalized a concept completely.

Accepted Answer

Treatment diffusion occurs when the effects of a treatment spread to the control group, not due to incomplete operationalization of a concept.

Question 12

In his study, Collin only included one outcome measure. This probably had a negative effect on the study's external validity.

Accepted Answer

Using only one outcome measure can limit the generalizability of the study's findings, potentially affecting its external validity.

Question 13

The use of multiple investigators is a way to provide evidence of descriptive validity in qualitative studies.

Accepted Answer

Using multiple investigators can enhance descriptive validity by providing diverse perspectives and reducing individual bias in data collection and interpretation.

Question 14

Jason's study looked at the reactions of members of the two major political parties to the person who was elected as president. It is possible that his study had selection-maturation validity threats.

Accepted Answer

The answer of Jason's study looked at the reactions of...

Question 15

A critical friend is a type of peer review focused on:
A) Interpretive validity
B) Internal validity
C) Theoretical validity
D) Descriptive validity

Accepted Answer

The answer of A critical friend is a type of...

Question 16

What evidence is needed to conclude causality in research?

Accepted Answer

The answer of What evidence is needed to conclude causality...

Question 17

Multiple validity is used to describe how well a researcher using mixed methods has tackled and resolved the applicable validity types.

Accepted Answer

Multiple validity is a concept used in mixed methods research that refers to the extent to which a researcher has addressed and resolved various validity types, such as internal validity, external validity, and reliability, among others. Therefore, the statement is true.

Question 18

Internal validity refers to the degree to which a researcher can accurately claim that a causal relationship exists between two variables and that the observed strength of the relationship is accurate.

Accepted Answer

The answer of Internal validity refers to the degree to...

Question 19

When a significant amount of time passes between the first and second treatment so that participants may have experienced physical or mental changes that could be at least partially responsible for a change seen in the research participants, it could be an example of a history effect.

Accepted Answer

The answer of When a significant amount of time passes...

Question 20

In conducting her literature review, Carol noticed that most of the articles she was finding were 25 years old and she used them to develop her study. As a result her study's temporal validity may be affected.

Accepted Answer

Temporal validity refers to the extent to which the findings of a study can be generalized over time. Using older sources may mean that the information is outdated, potentially affecting the relevance and applicability of the study's conclusions to the current context.

Quiz 11: Validity of Research Results in Quantitative, Qualitative, and Mixed Research

When a significant amount of time passes between the first and second treatment so that one or more things could be at least partially responsible for a change seen in the research participants, it could be an example of regression artifacts.

Attrition refers to the loss of people who do not complete the study.

Multiple validity is used to describe how well a researcher using mixed methods has tackled and resolved the applicable validity types.

When researchers exhibit bias they might have a tendency find exactly what they were looking for.

External validity refers to the degree to which the study results can be generalized to and across populations of persons, settings, times, outcomes, and treatment variations.

Qualitative researchers are often concerned with nomothetic causation because it helps them to understand causes in specific situations and some of these causes might be unique to the situation or context.

Internal validity refers to the degree to which a researcher can accurately claim that a causal relationship exists between two variables.

Differential selection produces similar comparison groups.

In Sally's research study, a member of a control group was exposed to part of the treatment condition. This is known as:

Ecological validity is present when a study results can be generalized to different settings.

Treatment diffusion occurs when the researcher has not operationalized a concept completely.

In his study, Collin only included one outcome measure. This probably had a negative effect on the study's external validity.

The use of multiple investigators is a way to provide evidence of descriptive validity in qualitative studies.

Jason's study looked at the reactions of members of the two major political parties to the person who was elected as president. It is possible that his study had selection-maturation validity threats.

A critical friend is a type of peer review focused on:

What evidence is needed to conclude causality in research?

Multiple validity is used to describe how well a researcher using mixed methods has tackled and resolved the applicable validity types.

Internal validity refers to the degree to which a researcher can accurately claim that a causal relationship exists between two variables and that the observed strength of the relationship is accurate.

When a significant amount of time passes between the first and second treatment so that participants may have experienced physical or mental changes that could be at least partially responsible for a change seen in the research participants, it could be an example of a history effect.

In conducting her literature review, Carol noticed that most of the articles she was finding were 25 years old and she used them to develop her study. As a result her study's temporal validity may be affected.