Question 1

Explain the dimensions of commitment and crisis in James Marcia's theory of adolescent development,and describe how they combine to produce different types of adolescent identity.

Accepted Answer

The answer of Explain the dimensions of commitment and crisis...

Question 2

Layla wants to do well at softball but keeps missing the ball and striking out.Now she never expects to do well when she comes to bat,and sure enough,she continues to strike out.Layla is caught in a __________.

Accepted Answer

Layla's situation is best described as a "cycle of failure" because her expectation of not doing well leads to continued poor performance, reinforcing her negative expectations and perpetuating the cycle.

Question 3

Whereas self-concept reflects beliefs and thoughts about the self,self-esteem is focused more on __________ considerations.

Accepted Answer

Self-esteem is focused more on emotional considerations as it involves feelings of self-worth and self-respect.

Question 4

Describe the process of social comparison,and apply it to a child who wants to evaluate her intellectual and social abilities.

Accepted Answer

The answer of Describe the process of social comparison,and apply...

Question 5

What is one reason that the self-esteem of adolescent girls is lower than that of adolescent boys?

Accepted Answer

Adolescent girls often feel pressure to conform to societal expectations that may force them to choose between being academically successful and being socially accepted, which can negatively impact their self-esteem.

Question 6

In comparison with their self-concepts in middle childhood,adolescents begin to __________.

Accepted Answer

Adolescents start to differentiate their own views of themselves from others' views, reflecting a more complex and nuanced self-concept.

Question 7

While people who work for tangible rewards,such as money or prestige,are said to have __________ motivation,those who work for their own enjoyment or fulfillment are said to have __________ motivation.

Accepted Answer

Extrinsic motivation refers to doing something for external rewards, while intrinsic motivation refers to doing something for personal satisfaction or enjoyment.

Question 8

Job satisfaction has been found to be higher when workers have __________.

Accepted Answer

Job satisfaction tends to be higher when workers have input into the nature and operation of their jobs, as it increases their sense of autonomy and control, leading to greater engagement and satisfaction.

Question 9

A __________ is a group of people that presents a set of norms against which adolescents can judge their abilities and social success,whether or not they belong to that group.

Accepted Answer

A reference group is a group that individuals use as a standard for evaluating themselves and their own behavior, even if they are not part of that group.

Question 10

__________,or knowledge of oneself,begins to grow in infants around the age of 12 months,while __________,the set of beliefs about what they are like as individuals,develops in the preschool years.

Accepted Answer

Self-awareness, or knowledge of oneself, begins to grow in infants around the age of 12 months. Self-concept, the set of beliefs about what they are like as individuals, develops in the preschool years.

Question 11

What is the primary source of social comparison for adolescents?

Accepted Answer

Peer groups are the primary source of social comparison for adolescents as they seek to understand themselves and their social standing among their peers.

Question 12

Frustration and disillusionment with one's job is frequently a symptom of __________,the feeling that one's efforts are inadequate to solve vast societal problems.

Accepted Answer

Burnout is often characterized by feelings of frustration and disillusionment, especially when individuals feel their efforts are insufficient to address larger societal issues.

Question 13

The culturally determined sense of timing that signals and records major milestones in adults' lives is referred to as the __________ of adulthood.

Accepted Answer

The term "social clock" refers to the culturally determined timeline for major life events such as marriage, parenthood, and retirement.

Question 14

According to Ginsburg's theory of career choice,people begin to weigh job requirements,their own abilities and interests,and their personal values and goals in the __________ period.

Accepted Answer

In Ginsburg's theory, the tentative period is when individuals start considering job requirements, their abilities, interests, and personal values and goals.

Question 15

Which outcomes typically result for children of immigrant families?

Accepted Answer

The answer of Which outcomes typically result for children of...

Question 16

Traditionally,women are considered to be more suited to __________ professions associated with interpersonal relationships,and men are considered to be more suited to __________ professions associated with getting things accomplished.

Accepted Answer

Traditionally, women are seen as more suited to communal roles, which involve nurturing and interpersonal relationships, while men are seen as more suited to agentic roles, which involve action and accomplishment.

Question 17

According to James Marcia,adolescents who,after exploring identity alternatives,have not committed to any one of them are in the __________ category of identity development.

Accepted Answer

The moratorium category is characterized by exploration without having made a commitment to any particular identity.

Question 18

Compare collectivistic and individualistic cultural orientations,and describe how they impact the development of self-concept.

Accepted Answer

The answer of Compare collectivistic and individualistic cultural orientations,and describe...

Question 19

Early in life,infants begin to develop a __________,defined as knowledge and beliefs about how the mind works and how it influences behavior.

Accepted Answer

Infants develop a "theory of mind," which is the understanding of how the mind works and how it influences behavior.

Question 20

Explain criticisms of Eli Ginzberg's career choice theory.

Accepted Answer

The answer of Explain criticisms of Eli Ginzberg's career choice...

Quiz 10: Development of the Self