Question 1

A critical environmental factor with the ability to trigger relapse of substance-related disorders is

Accepted Answer

Stress is a critical environmental factor that can trigger relapse of substance-related disorders.

Question 2

One common cognitive factor involved in alcohol use is that people believe that

Accepted Answer

Many people believe that alcohol consumption can enhance their social functioning by reducing inhibitions and making social interactions easier.

Question 3

Various inappropriate family factors provide some correlational insight into causes of substance-related disorders. One problem with this type of evidence, though, is that family factors are confounded by

Accepted Answer

Family factors are often confounded by genetic predisposition, as both environmental and genetic influences can contribute to the development of substance-related disorders, making it difficult to separate the two.

Question 4

Drug use can be quite rewarding, and therefore is maintained by

Accepted Answer

Operant conditioning involves learning through rewards and punishments, which makes drug use rewarding and thus maintained.

Question 5

People do not generally pick up a crack pipe or inject heroin themselves, but usually learn the behavior by

Accepted Answer

People often learn behaviors such as drug use through modeling, which involves observing and imitating others.

Question 6

Research on heroin addiction in Vietnam-based soldiers in the 1960s and 1970s generally revealed the importance of ____ as a risk factor for substance-related disorders.

Accepted Answer

Research on Vietnam-based soldiers showed that environmental factors and learning played a significant role in heroin addiction, as many soldiers stopped using upon returning to the U.S., indicating the influence of context and learned behaviors.

Question 7

Caffeine helps to release ____ in order to enhance mood.

Accepted Answer

Caffeine stimulates the central nervous system, leading to the release of both epinephrine and norepinephrine, which can enhance mood and increase alertness.

Question 8

Pam's son is a college student and an alcoholic. He still lives at home, and she often cleans up messes that occur when he is binge drinking. Even though she wishes desperately he was not an alcoholic, she still feels like she somehow contributes to it. She tries to help him complete his assignments in school, even though they are really his responsibility, because she doesn't want to see him fail. What family factor discussed in your textbook is at work in this situation?

Accepted Answer

Pam's behavior of cleaning up after her son and helping him with his responsibilities, despite his alcoholism, is indicative of codependency, where she is enabling his behavior rather than allowing him to face the consequences of his actions.

Question 9

Modeling of substance use may be especially pertinent to which of the following groups?

Accepted Answer

Adolescents are at a critical developmental stage where they are more likely to experiment with substance use, making modeling particularly relevant for understanding and preventing substance use in this group.

Question 10

Increased glutamate from stress may produce a state of sadness from dopamine depletion to trigger cravings for increased dopamine by using drugs, thereby increasing risk of

Accepted Answer

Increased glutamate from stress can lead to dopamine depletion, which may cause cravings for substances that increase dopamine levels, thus increasing the risk of drug relapse as individuals seek to alleviate feelings of sadness or discomfort.

Question 11

Drug use can serve as a powerful ____, in that stress, pressure, depression, and withdrawal symptoms recede.

Accepted Answer

Negative reinforcement involves the removal of an unpleasant stimulus, such as stress or withdrawal symptoms, which can increase the likelihood of drug use behavior being repeated.

Question 12

Activation of the certain brain substances related to stress, such as corticotropin-releasing hormone and ____ help us cope but also increase dopamine activity in the mesolimbic pathway and may lead to stress-induced relapse.

Accepted Answer

Cortisol is a hormone released in response to stress and is known to increase dopamine activity in the mesolimbic pathway, which can contribute to stress-induced relapse.

Question 13

One common misperception among people with substance-related disorders is increased ____ about effects of various substances and minimization of negative effects.

Accepted Answer

People with substance-related disorders often have increased positive expectancies, meaning they overestimate the positive effects of substances while minimizing the negative consequences.

Question 14

Elise is responding to a survey asking about her parents' attitudes towards substance use. She says that her parents strongly disapprove of it. Elise is probably

Accepted Answer

Parental disapproval of substance use is generally associated with a lower likelihood of substance use among adolescents.

Question 15

The two main personality factors that seem to relate to substance-related disorders are

Accepted Answer

Impulsivity and psychopathy are two main personality factors that seem to relate to substance-related disorders.

Question 16

Periods of heavy drinking in which a person with alcoholism can remember events only when someone reminds them of what happened or they drink heavily again are referred to as

Accepted Answer

The answer of Periods of heavy drinking in which a...

Question 17

People with alcoholism may have periods of heavy drinking about which they will remember nothing. These periods are known as

Accepted Answer

Blackouts are periods of heavy drinking about which people with alcoholism will remember nothing.

Question 18

Risk-taking, lack of planning, chaotic lifestyle, desire for immediate gratification, and explosiveness are defining characteristics of

Accepted Answer

Impulsivity is characterized by actions that are poorly conceived, prematurely expressed, unduly risky, or inappropriate to the situation and that often result in undesirable outcomes. It includes traits like risk-taking, lack of planning, and a desire for immediate gratification.

Question 19

Which statement about children of parents with substance-related disorders is true?

Accepted Answer

Children of parents with substance-related disorders are at a higher risk of developing similar disorders due to genetic, environmental, and social factors.

Question 20

The dysfunctional behaviors that spouses, partners, children, and others engage in to cope with the stress of having a family member with a substance-related disorder are termed

Accepted Answer

Codependency refers to the dysfunctional behaviors that family members or partners engage in to cope with the stress of having a loved one with a substance-related disorder.

Quiz 9: Substance Related Disorders