Question 1

Memory changes in middle childhood are brought about by all of the following EXCEPT:

Accepted Answer

Increases in intelligence are not specifically linked to memory changes in middle childhood. Memory changes are more directly related to the child's knowledge base, working memory improvements, and the acquisition of memory strategies.

Question 2

The shorter Chinese words for the digits may be the reason that Chinese 4- to 6-year-olds outperformed 4- to 6-year-olds from the United States. This provides evidence for which view of expanded memory capacity in middle childhood?

Accepted Answer

Greater efficiency in information processing capabilities is the correct answer because the passage states that Chinese 4- to 6-year-olds outperformed 4- to 6-year-olds from the United States, which suggests that they are more efficient at processing information.

Question 3

Eric wants to remember the words on his spelling list, so he says the words and their correct spelling over and over. He is using what strategy to help him remember?

Accepted Answer

Rehearsal is the process of repeatedly verbalizing or thinking about information to be remembered, which is what Eric is doing by saying the words and their spellings over and over.

Question 4

Makayla age 6, knows a lot about baseball. When she is asked to recall a random list of baseball terms, she remembers more of the terms than an 18-year-old who is unfamiliar with baseball. Makayla remembers more because of her better:

Accepted Answer

Makayla's ability to remember more baseball terms is due to her extensive knowledge base in the subject, which allows her to make connections and recall information more effectively than someone unfamiliar with the topic.

Question 5

Information-processing theorists:

Accepted Answer

Information-processing theorists generally agree with Piaget's description of children's behavior during middle childhood, recognizing the stages he identified. However, they often disagree with his explanations, offering alternative views on the mechanisms of cognitive development, focusing more on the processes of memory, attention, and problem-solving.

Question 6

Claire wants to remember the list of items her best friend wants for her birthday, so she will know what to buy her friend at the toy store. By clustering the items into categories such as "Barbie stuff," "books," and "art supplies," Claire is using what strategy to help her remember?

Accepted Answer

Memory organization helps to improve recall by grouping related items together.

Question 7

Memory strategies are:

Accepted Answer

Memory strategies are deliberate actions taken to improve memory performance, such as rehearsal, organization, and elaboration.

Question 8

Concrete operations are called "concrete" because:

Accepted Answer

Concrete operations are termed "concrete" because they involve logical thinking applied to physical, tangible objects and real-world situations, as opposed to abstract thinking.

Question 9

Cross-cultural research comparing digit span performance of U.S. children to Chinese children between 4 and 6 years of age showed that:

Accepted Answer

Research has shown that Chinese children tend to perform better on digit span tasks compared to U.S. children, possibly due to differences in language structure and numerical processing.

Question 10

Michael is asked to describe how a gumball machine works. After hearing an expert's account of how a gumball machine actually works, Michael is more likely to increase his rating of how much he initially knew about how the machine works. Michael is MOST likely to be in:

Accepted Answer

The answer of Michael is asked to describe how a...

Question 11

Memory strategies:

Accepted Answer

Memory strategies lead to better memory performance.

Question 12

Chris is trying to remember the names of the bones of the body for her anatomy class by mentally chunking the bones into groups by their locations in the body. Chris is using what mental strategy?

Accepted Answer

Chris is using an organizational strategy by grouping the bones based on their locations, which helps in structuring and remembering information more effectively.

Question 13

Chi compared the memories of 10-year-old chess buffs with college-age chess novices and found that:

Accepted Answer

The study by Chi found that 10-year-old chess experts were better at remembering chess positions than college-age novices, demonstrating the impact of expertise on memory performance in specific domains.

Question 14

German researchers extended Chi's studies with chess experts and found that when expert and novice chess players were asked to remember the random placement of chess pieces:

Accepted Answer

The answer of German researchers extended Chi's studies with chess...

Question 15

Memory span is the:

Accepted Answer

Memory span refers to the number of items, such as digits or words, that an individual can immediately recall in the correct order after they are presented.

Question 16

Psychologists' use of the term rehearsal refers to:

Accepted Answer

Rehearsal in psychology refers to the cognitive process of repeatedly verbalizing or thinking about information to be remembered, which helps in transferring information from short-term memory to long-term memory.

Question 17

When asked to draw a portrait of themselves with a third eye, 9-year-olds tended to:

Accepted Answer

9-year-olds tended to place the third eye close to the other two because they are still developing their understanding of perspective and spatial relationships.

Question 18

Young children have a short memory span because:

Accepted Answer

Young children have a limited capacity to rehearse information quickly, so it takes them longer to articulate a list of numbers, leading to decay of memory for earlier items.

Question 19

The store of information that children can draw on to relate new memories to is their:

Accepted Answer

The knowledge base is the store of information that children can draw on to relate new memories to.

Question 20

The number of randomly presented items children can repeat immediately after the items are presented is:

Accepted Answer

The number of items children can repeat immediately after presentation is referred to as their memory span, which is a measure of short-term memory capacity.

Quiz 11: Physical and Cognitive Development in Middle Childhood