Question 1

Which memory system maintains information temporarily using active rehearsal?
A) sensory memory
B) long-term memory
C) short-term memory
D) iconic memory

Accepted Answer

Short-term memory is responsible for maintaining information temporarily using active rehearsal, typically for only a few seconds to a minute. Sensory memory is the initial stage of memory processing that briefly holds sensory information, such as visual or auditory stimuli. Long-term memory is responsible for storing information for extended periods of time, ranging from days to years. Iconic memory specifically refers to the visual sensory memory. Therefore, the best choice is C, short-term memory.

Question 2

According to the findings of George Miller, the capacity of short-term memory is about _____ items.
A) three
B) seven
C) fifteen
D) five

Accepted Answer

George Miller's findings suggest that the capacity of short-term memory is about seven items.

Question 3

Suppose one's roommate asks him to pick up five items at the grocery store, but he has no place to write the items down. He keeps repeating the items over and over in his mind until he can get a pencil and piece of paper to write them down. In this example, he would be relying primarily on his _____ memory.
A) sensory
B) long-term
C) short-term
D) iconic

Accepted Answer

The scenario describes the individual repeating the items in his mind until he can write them down, which suggests that the items are being held in his short-term memory. The other options (sensory and iconic) are related to briefly storing sensory information, while long-term memory involves the storage of information over a more extended period.

Question 4

In Baddeley's working memory model which system holds visual and spatial images for manipulation?
A) the visuospatial sketchpad
B) the phonological loop
C) the central executive
D) the iconic memory

Accepted Answer

The visuospatial sketchpad is responsible for holding visual and spatial information in working memory.

Question 5

In Atkinson and Shiffrin's model of memory, information flows from:
A) sensory memory, to short-term memory, to long-term memory.
B) short-term memory, to sensory memory, to long-term memory.
C) long-term memory, to sensory memory, to short-term memory.
D) sensory memory, to long-term memory, to short-term memory.

Accepted Answer

According to Atkinson and Shiffrin's model of memory, information flows from sensory memory, to short-term memory, and then to long-term memory. This model proposes that sensory information is briefly stored in sensory memory before being transferred to short-term memory where it is actively processed. If the information is deemed important enough, it may then be encoded and stored in long-term memory for retrieval at a later time.

Question 6

In Baddeley's working-memory model which system maintains auditory memories through subvocal rehearsal?
A) the visuospatial sketchpad
B) the phonological loop
C) the central executive
D) the iconic memory

Accepted Answer

The phonological loop is responsible for maintaining auditory memories through subvocal rehearsal. The visuospatial sketchpad is responsible for maintaining visual and spatial information, the central executive is responsible for coordinating and regulating cognitive processes, and the iconic memory is responsible for briefly maintaining visual sensory information.

Question 7

When George Sperling (1960) used the partial report procedure, he found that participants could report _____ of the letters in the array.
A) all
B) none
C) about 30 percent
D) about 75 percent

Accepted Answer

Sperling's partial report procedure demonstrated that participants could recall about 75 percent of the letters in an array, indicating that a large portion of the information presented was briefly available in sensory memory before fading.

Question 8

Which memory system stores brief sensations of what one has just perceived?
A) short-term memory
B) sensory memory
C) long-term memory
D) iconic memory

Accepted Answer

Sensory memory is the memory system that stores brief sensations of what one has just perceived, such as visual information in the form of iconic memory and auditory information in the form of echoic memory. Short-term memory is responsible for holding a limited amount of information for a short period of time, while long-term memory stores information over an extended period of time.

Question 9

The active maintenance and manipulation of short-term memory is known as:
A) cognitive control.
B) working memory.
C) sensory memory.
D) short-term memory.

Accepted Answer

The term "working memory" refers to the active maintenance and manipulation of information in short-term memory. Choices A, C, and D are not specific enough to describe this concept.

Question 10

When short-term memory is used as a buffer for maintaining information briefly before it is manipulated, it is referred to as _____ memory.
A) long-term
B) sensory
C) working
D) transient

Accepted Answer

When short-term memory is used to briefly maintain information before it is manipulated, it is referred to as working memory. Long-term memory is not used for this purpose, as it is meant for the storage of information for extended periods of time. Sensory memory is used for the initial processing of sensory information, whereas working memory is used for temporary storage and manipulation of information. Transient memory is not a recognized term in psychology.

Question 11

How many independent short-term memory buffers are included in Baddeley's working-memory model?
A) 2
B) 3
C) 5
D) 10

Accepted Answer

Baddeley's working-memory model includes two independent short-term memory buffers: the phonological loop and the visuospatial sketchpad, later expanded to include the episodic buffer.

Question 12

George Sperling's (1960) experiments on visual sensory memory demonstrated that:
A) briefly presented information cannot be recalled.
B) iconic memory lasts for a very long time.
C) people could not learn to associate a tone with a visual stimulus.
D) people have a very brief visual memory that decays rapidly.

Accepted Answer

Sperling's experiments showed that people have a brief visual memory, called iconic memory, that lasts for only a fraction of a second before rapidly decaying. He used a partial-report procedure to demonstrate that participants could only recall a portion of the information presented, indicating that the sensory memory had faded quickly.

Question 13

The ability to hold information in short-term memory is limited by:
A) the capacity of STM.
B) what one can pay attention to.
C) how one encodes the information.
D) All of the answers are correct.

Accepted Answer

The capacity of STM is limited, but what one can pay attention to and how one encodes the information also play a role in limiting the ability to hold information in short-term memory. Therefore, all of the answers are correct.

Question 14

In Baddeley's working-memory model which system monitors and manipulates the working-memory buffers?
A) the visuospatial sketchpad
B) the phonological loop
C) the central executive
D) the iconic memory

Accepted Answer

The central executive system is responsible for monitoring and manipulating the information held in both the visuospatial sketchpad and the phonological loop, as well as integrating information from long-term memory. The iconic memory, on the other hand, is a type of sensory memory that holds visual information very briefly.

Question 15

The initial temporary storage for information perceived by the visual system is known as _____ memory.
A) visual sensory
B) iconic.
C) transient
D) short-term

Accepted Answer

The answer of The initial temporary storage for information perceived...

Question 16

The manipulation and application of working memory for planning, task switching, attention, stimulus selection, and the inhibition of inappropriate reflexive behaviors is known as:
A) sensory memory.
B) iconic memory.
C) cognitive control.
D) short-term memory.

Accepted Answer

The manipulation and application of working memory for various cognitive processes such as planning, task switching, attention, stimulus selection, and inhibition of inappropriate reflexive behaviors is known as cognitive control. This term encompasses a range of cognitive functions that rely on the coordinated activation and inhibition of different brain regions to achieve goal-directed behavior. Sensory memory and iconic memory are short-lived memory stores that hold information in its raw form for mere milliseconds or seconds. Short-term memory refers to the brief retention of information for a few seconds to minutes.

Question 17

Permanent or near permanent storage of memory that last beyond a period of conscious attention is known as:
A) sensory memory.
B) long-term memory.
C) cognitive control.
D) short-term memory.

Accepted Answer

Long-term memory is the storage of information that lasts beyond our conscious awareness and can last anywhere from a few days to a lifetime. Sensory memory only lasts a few seconds, short-term memory lasts up to 30 seconds without rehearsal, and cognitive control refers to processes that allow us to plan, reason, and problem-solve.

Question 18

Compared with long-term memory, short-term memory is:
A) slower to access.
B) forgotten more quickly.
C) larger in capacity.
D) outside of conscious awareness.

Accepted Answer

Short-term memory is forgotten more quickly compared to long-term memory. Short-term memory has a limited capacity and information is only held for a brief period of time unless it is rehearsed and transferred to long-term memory. Long-term memory has a larger capacity and information can be retained for longer periods of time.

Question 19

Where does information automatically and rapidly decay?
A) short-term memory
B) working memory
C) long-term memory
D) sensory memory

Accepted Answer

Sensory memory refers to the initial processing and storage of sensory information from the environment, such as visual or auditory stimuli. This type of memory has a very short duration and can decay rapidly, typically within a few seconds.

Question 20

Which type of memory is NOT considered to be a transient memory?
A) sensory
B) iconic
C) long-term
D) short-term

Accepted Answer

Long-term memory is not considered a transient memory because it has the ability to be stored for a long period of time, potentially even a lifetime. Sensory and iconic memory are both fleeting and last only for seconds. Short-term memory has a limited capacity and duration, typically lasting only a few seconds to a minute or two.

Quiz 9: Working Memory and Cognitive Control

Which memory system maintains information temporarily using active rehearsal?

According to the findings of George Miller, the capacity of short-term memory is about _____ items.

In Baddeley's working memory model which system holds visual and spatial images for manipulation?

In Atkinson and Shiffrin's model of memory, information flows from:

In Baddeley's working-memory model which system maintains auditory memories through subvocal rehearsal?

When George Sperling (1960) used the partial report procedure, he found that participants could report _____ of the letters in the array.

Which memory system stores brief sensations of what one has just perceived?

The active maintenance and manipulation of short-term memory is known as:

When short-term memory is used as a buffer for maintaining information briefly before it is manipulated, it is referred to as _____ memory.

How many independent short-term memory buffers are included in Baddeley's working-memory model?

George Sperling's (1960) experiments on visual sensory memory demonstrated that:

The ability to hold information in short-term memory is limited by:

In Baddeley's working-memory model which system monitors and manipulates the working-memory buffers?

The initial temporary storage for information perceived by the visual system is known as _____ memory.

The manipulation and application of working memory for planning, task switching, attention, stimulus selection, and the inhibition of inappropriate reflexive behaviors is known as:

Permanent or near permanent storage of memory that last beyond a period of conscious attention is known as:

Compared with long-term memory, short-term memory is:

Where does information automatically and rapidly decay?

Which type of memory is NOT considered to be a transient memory?