At a Departmental Meeting, Stella's Manager Described an Issue and Asked

At a departmental meeting, Stella's manager described an issue and asked for a volunteer to figure out a solution. Stella had previously encountered similar issues and was confident she could solve the problem, so she accepted the responsibility. Stella's behavior was influenced by

A) vicarious learning.
B) positive reinforcement.
C) a need for affiliation.
D) self-efficacy.
E) self-reinforcement.