Question 1

Using Donders method, if the mental event called discrimination takes 0.07 seconds and discrimination reaction time takes 0.23 seconds, what is the person's basic reaction time?
A)0)07 seconds
B)0)30 seconds
C)0)16 seconds
D)0)93 seconds

Accepted Answer

The basic reaction time is calculated by subtracting the time for discrimination from the discrimination reaction time: 0.23 - 0.07 = 0.16 seconds.

Question 2

Suppose a child in Kim and Spelke's (1992)habituation experiment showed a gradual decrease in looking time when shown ten examples of balls rolling down a plane while accelerating. The child then sees (trial 11)a ball rolling up a plane while decelerating. If the child understands the concept of gravity, what will happen to the behavior?
A)they will no longer look at the display
B)they will look much longer on trial 11 than on trial 10
C)they will look for the same amount of time on both trials 10 and 11
D)not enough information to decide

Accepted Answer

C

Question 3

When should a stratified sample be used?
A)when probability sampling is not necessary
B)when identifiable subgroups of the population are of interest
C)when the population is too large for all of it to be tested
D)when a list of all population members is not available

Accepted Answer

A stratified sample should be used when identifiable subgroups of the population are of interest, as it ensures representation from each subgroup.

Question 4

A researcher who selects a probability sample that is 40% male and 60% female is most likely to be using __________ sampling.
A)cluster
B)stratified
C)convenience
D)purposive

Accepted Answer

Stratified sampling involves dividing the population into subgroups (strata) and selecting samples from each stratum to ensure representation, such as 40% male and 60% female.

Question 5

To study math achievement in West Virginia's third graders, a researcher randomly selects 5% of the state's school districts and gives all the students in each district a math test. What sampling procedure is being used here?
A)quota
B)stratified
C)cluster
D)none of the above (all the children in the selected districts are tested - therefore the entire population is being tested, not just a sample)

Accepted Answer

The researcher is using cluster sampling because entire school districts (clusters) are randomly selected, and all students within those selected districts are tested.

Question 6

All of the following are examples of probability sampling except
A)simple random
B)quota
C)cluster
D)stratified

Accepted Answer

Quota sampling is a non-probability sampling method, while simple random, cluster, and stratified sampling are all probability sampling methods.

Question 7

The purpose of random sampling is to obtain a sample that is
A)large enough to be valid
B)representative of the population
C)smaller than the population
D)significantly different from the population

Accepted Answer

Random sampling aims to select a sample that accurately represents the characteristics of the population.

Question 8

Which of the following sequences of "time (in seconds)spent looking" suggests that habituation occurs initially, but is followed by the perception of "something new?"
A)12, 10, 7, 11
B)6, 6, 6, 6
C)10, 6, 10, 6
D)10, 8, 6, 4

Accepted Answer

The sequence 12, 10, 7 suggests habituation as the time spent looking decreases, but the increase to 11 indicates the perception of something new.

Question 9

Suppose a child in Kim and Spelke's (1992)habituation experiment showed a gradual decrease in looking time when shown ten examples of balls rolling down a plane while accelerating. The child then sees (trial 11)a ball rolling down a plane while decelerating. If the child has grasped the concept of gravity, what will happen to the behavior?
A)they will look longer on trial 10 than on trial 11
B)they will look longer on trial 11 than on trial 10
C)they will look for the same amount of time on both trials 10 and 11
D)not enough information to decide

Accepted Answer

If the child has grasped the concept of gravity, they will find the decelerating ball unexpected and novel, leading to increased looking time on trial 11 compared to trial 10.

Question 10

If simple reaction time takes an average of 0.17 seconds and discrimination reaction time takes an average of 0.26 seconds, then according to Donders' method, how long does the mental event of discrimination take?
A)0)43 seconds
B)0)26 seconds
C)0)09 seconds
D)0)20 seconds

Accepted Answer

According to Donders' method, the time taken for discrimination is the difference between discrimination reaction time and simple reaction time, which is 0.26 - 0.17 = 0.09 seconds.

Question 11

A gradual decline in responding in the face of a repeated stimulus is known as
A)inhibition
B)habituation
C)extinction
D)reaction time

Accepted Answer

Habituation is a gradual decline in responding in the face of a repeated stimulus.

Question 12

The basic definition of ____________ is that all members of the population have exactly the same chance of being selected as participants.
A)cluster sampling
B)nonprobability sampling
C)convenience sampling
D)simple random sampling

Accepted Answer

Simple random sampling ensures that every member of the population has an equal chance of being selected.

Question 13

In the mental rotation studies, Shepard and Metzler (1971)predicted that
A)participants would make more errors with a 30o rotation than with a 60o rotation
B)participants would make more errors with a 60o rotation than with a 30o rotation
C)participants would take more time with a 30o rotation than with a 60o rotation
D)participants would take more time with a 60o rotation than with a 30o rotation

Accepted Answer

Shepard and Metzler predicted that the time taken to mentally rotate an object would increase with the degree of rotation, so participants would take more time with a 60-degree rotation than with a 30-degree rotation.

Question 14

Which of the following sequences of "time (in seconds)spent looking" suggests that habituation is occurring?
A)14, 10, 8, 12
B)6, 6, 6, 6
C)10, 6, 10, 6
D)10, 8, 6, 4

Accepted Answer

Habituation is indicated by a decrease in response over time, so the sequence 10, 8, 6, 4 shows a consistent decrease in time spent looking, suggesting habituation.

Question 15

In order to generalize from the results obtained with a sample to the population as a whole,
A)all members of the population must be tested eventually
B)each member of the population must have exactly the same probability of being selected, especially if stratified sampling is being used
C)the sample must be representative of the population
D)the exact values (on the trait being measured)for the population must be known

Accepted Answer

A representative sample ensures that the findings can be generalized to the entire population, as it accurately reflects the population's characteristics.

Question 16

Which of the following is an example of a construct?
A)entering arm #3 of a radial maze
B)using fingers when adding
C)social effectiveness
D)naming letters

Accepted Answer

A construct is a theoretical concept that is not directly observable, such as social effectiveness, which refers to the ability to interact successfully with others.

Question 17

If it is not feasible to have a complete listing of the members of the population, which probability sampling method can be used?
A)stratified
B)convenience
C)cluster
D)simple random

Accepted Answer

Cluster sampling is used when it is not feasible to have a complete listing of the population, as it involves dividing the population into clusters and then randomly selecting entire clusters for study.

Question 18

In a sequence of trials, an infant looks at a stimulus for 10 seconds, then 8, then 6, then 4. On the next trial, the infant looks for 12 seconds. What has occurred on this last trial?
A)the infant has noticed a change in the stimulus
B)habituation has occurred
C)the infant has lost interest in the stimulus
D)the infant is afraid of the stimulus

Accepted Answer

The increase in looking time suggests that the infant has noticed a change in the stimulus, indicating renewed interest or attention.

Question 19

Most research in psychology uses ________ sampling.
A)convenience
B)simple random
C)stratified
D)cluster

Accepted Answer

Most research in psychology uses convenience sampling because it is easier and less costly to obtain participants who are readily available.

Question 20

Which of the following is not an example of a construct?
A)perceived social support
B)letter identification
C)habituation
D)social effectiveness

Accepted Answer

Letter identification is a specific, observable, and measurable task, unlike constructs which are abstract concepts used to explain phenomena.

Quiz 4: Sampling, Measurement, and Hypothesis Testing

Using Donders method, if the mental event called discrimination takes 0.07 seconds and discrimination reaction time takes 0.23 seconds, what is the person's basic reaction time?

When should a stratified sample be used?

A researcher who selects a probability sample that is 40% male and 60% female is most likely to be using __________ sampling.

To study math achievement in West Virginia's third graders, a researcher randomly selects 5% of the state's school districts and gives all the students in each district a math test. What sampling procedure is being used here?

All of the following are examples of probability sampling except

The purpose of random sampling is to obtain a sample that is

Which of the following sequences of "time (in seconds) spent looking" suggests that habituation occurs initially, but is followed by the perception of "something new?"

If simple reaction time takes an average of 0.17 seconds and discrimination reaction time takes an average of 0.26 seconds, then according to Donders' method, how long does the mental event of discrimination take?

A gradual decline in responding in the face of a repeated stimulus is known as

The basic definition of ____________ is that all members of the population have exactly the same chance of being selected as participants.

In the mental rotation studies, Shepard and Metzler (1971) predicted that

Which of the following sequences of "time (in seconds) spent looking" suggests that habituation is occurring?

In order to generalize from the results obtained with a sample to the population as a whole,

Which of the following is an example of a construct?

If it is not feasible to have a complete listing of the members of the population, which probability sampling method can be used?

In a sequence of trials, an infant looks at a stimulus for 10 seconds, then 8, then 6, then 4. On the next trial, the infant looks for 12 seconds. What has occurred on this last trial?

Most research in psychology uses ________ sampling.

Which of the following is not an example of a construct?