Question 1

According to research by Kochanska, at the age of 14 months, resistant children:

Accepted Answer

Kochanska's research found that resistant children frequently respond with distress even in episodes designed to evoke joy, indicating a lack of secure attachment to caregivers. The other options, such as being emotionless and indifferent or less likely to show fear and anger, do not align with the characteristics of resistant attachment.

Question 2

Infants are capable of displaying certain behaviors to control unpleasant emotional states.

Accepted Answer

Research has shown that infants as young as one month old can display self-soothing behaviors such as sucking, hand clenching, and eye closure to regulate negative emotional states like distress and pain.

Question 3

If caregivers are to be missed when absent, infants must perceive that they continue to exist. This statement reflects the concept of _____.

Accepted Answer

Object permanence is the ability to understand that objects and people continue to exist even when they are no longer visible or present. This concept is important for infants in relation to their caregivers because they need to perceive that their caregivers remain in existence even when they are not physically present.

Question 4

A mother's social response to her infant's face can reliably produce infant smiling by eight months of age.

Accepted Answer

Studies have shown that mothers' social responses, such as smiling and talking to their infants, can elicit smiles from their infants as early as 1-2 months old, and by 8 months old, infants can reliably produce smiles in response to their mother's social cues.

Question 5

Which of the following is a characteristic of Rett's disorder?

Accepted Answer

The answer of Which of the following is a characteristic...

Question 6

__________was an ethologist.

Accepted Answer

Konrad Lorenz was a famous ethologist who studied animal behavior and is known for his work on imprinting in geese.

Question 7

According to Kochanska's study on emotional development, at 33 months of age, securely attached children were more likely to show fear and anger when they were exposed to situations designed to elicit these emotions.

Accepted Answer

Kochanska's study on emotional development found that securely attached children were less likely to show fear and anger in situations designed to elicit these emotions, indicating better emotional regulation associated with secure attachment.

Question 8

Autistic infants are known to babble excessively by one year of age.

Accepted Answer

This statement is false. Autistic infants may actually be delayed in their babbling and speech development compared to their non-autistic peers.

Question 9

Infants who display disorganized-disoriented attachment may show contradictory behaviors, such as moving toward their mother while looking away from her.

Accepted Answer

Infants with disorganized-disoriented attachment may show erratic behaviors, including moving towards their caregivers while simultaneously showing fear, confusion, or avoidance.

Question 10

Which of the following is a difference between an easy child and a difficult child?

Accepted Answer

An easy child typically has regular sleep and feeding schedules, while a difficult child tends to have irregular sleep and feeding schedules. The other options presented do not accurately reflect the differences between easy and difficult children.

Question 11

Which of the following is true of male children?

Accepted Answer

Research has shown that male children are encouraged to engage in more physical activity than girls. This is because of societal expectations and norms around masculinity and physical prowess. Boys are often encouraged to participate in sports and other physical activities, whereas girls may be encouraged to engage in more sedentary activities like reading or art.

Question 12

Adults, especially fathers, show more positive reactions when girls play with boys' toys and boys play with girls' toys.

Accepted Answer

Research and societal observations often indicate that there is generally more acceptance for girls playing with traditionally "boys'" toys (like trucks or action figures) than for boys playing with traditionally "girls'" toys (like dolls or kitchen sets), reflecting underlying gender norms and stereotypes.

Question 13

Which of the following is true of difficult children?

Accepted Answer

Difficult children, also known as "difficult temperament" children, are at greater risk for developing later psychological disorders and adjustment problems. This is due to their innate traits such as being highly reactive, easily overstimulated, and having difficulty regulating their emotions. These traits can lead to difficulties in social relationships and academic achievement, which can have long-term negative effects. Option A is incorrect as difficult children do not typically approach new situations with enthusiasm and may struggle with adaptability. Option C is incorrect as regular sleep and feeding schedules are not necessarily related to a child's temperament. Option D is incorrect as difficult children tend to be more fearful in unfamiliar situations.

Question 14

In the context of infants,__________is characterized by avoiding caregiver, excessive clinging, or inconsistency.

Accepted Answer

Insecure attachment is characterized by avoidance of the caregiver, excessive clinging, or inconsistency. The asocial phase and the social phase refer to early stages of infant development, while secure attachment refers to a healthy attachment style characterized by trust and security in the presence of a caregiver.

Question 15

Home-reared children are:

Accepted Answer

The answer of Home-reared children are:
...

Question 16

Mutism is a disorder characterized by extreme aloneness, communication problems, preservation of sameness, and ritualistic behavior.

Accepted Answer

The answer of Mutism is a disorder characterized by extreme...

Question 17

Children from high-quality day-care centers are less likely to be disruptive than children cared for in homes.

Accepted Answer

The answer of Children from high-quality day-care centers are less...

Question 18

According to research by Brooker et al. in 2013, children with stranger anxiety are less fearful when they are in familiar surroundings, such as their homes, rather than in the laboratory.

Accepted Answer

The research by Brooker et al. in 2013 found that children with stranger anxiety were less fearful when they were in familiar surroundings, such as their homes, rather than in the laboratory.

Question 19

The Harlows and their colleagues conducted studies of rhesus monkeys that were "reared by" wire-mesh and terry-cloth surrogate mothers. According to this study, rhesus infants reared in solitary confinement:

Accepted Answer

The study found that the rhesus infants reared in solitary confinement later avoided other monkeys, suggesting that early social deprivation had a lasting impact on their social behavior.

Question 20

Physiologically, when emotions are strong, our hearts beat less rapidly.

Accepted Answer

When emotions are strong, our heart rate actually increases. This is due to the release of adrenaline and other stress hormones in response to the emotional stimuli.

Quiz 7: Infancy: Social and Emotional Development