According to research undertaken at Cranfield in the 1990s, senior executives tend to see strategy development more in terms of intended, rational, analytic, planned processes, whereas middle managers see strategy development more as the result of cultural and political processes.

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Research from Cranfield in the 1990s indicated that senior executives often view strategy development as a structured, planned process, while middle managers perceive it as influenced by cultural and political factors.

According to Research Undertaken at Cranfield in the 1990s, Senior