Question 1

Describe a potential real-world scenario in which you might experience fear conditioning. What are the conditioned and unconditioned stimuli in your scenario?

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Question 2

When someone is emotionally aroused, the hippocampus plays a modulatory role in strengthening the consolidation of amygdala-based memory.

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Question 3

Are there hemispheric differences in emotional regulation? Describe evidence to support your answer.

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Question 4

Evidence from cognitive neuroscience suggests that the recognition of the six basic facial expressions of emotion is processed in the amygdala.

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Question 5

A friend comes into your house and eats all the chocolate in your pantry. You come in and at first are very angry. Then you think to yourself, "That's actually better for me. Now I don't have to eat all those calories." What have you done?
A) antecedent-focused regulation
B) reappraisal
C) reduction of your anger
D) all of the above

Accepted Answer

Reappraisal is a form of antecedent-focused regulation where you change your perspective on a situation to alter its emotional impact, which in this case also leads to a reduction of anger.

Question 6

The role of the amygdala in emotion and memory has been studied using a form of classical conditioning known as fear conditioning.

Accepted Answer

Fear conditioning involves pairing a neutral stimulus with a fear-evoking stimulus to elicit a fear response. Studies using fear conditioning have shown that the amygdala, a brain structure involved in processing emotions, plays a critical role in both the acquisition and consolidation of fear memories.

Question 7

How might you investigate the assertion that basic facial expressions of emotion are universal, rather than being culturally relative? Describe an experiment that might inform this issue.

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Question 8

The Papez circuit includes the hypothalamus, anterior thalamus, cingulate gyrus, and hippocampus.

Accepted Answer

The Papez circuit is a neural circuit involved in emotional processing and includes the hypothalamus, anterior thalamus, cingulate gyrus, and hippocampus.

Question 9

Paul Ekman argued that the perception of facial expressions of emotion is highly relative across cultures.

Accepted Answer

Paul Ekman argued that the perception of facial expressions of emotion is largely universal across cultures, identifying six basic emotions that are recognized around the world: happiness, sadness, fear, disgust, anger, and surprise.

Question 10

The insula is involved in which of the following?
A) happiness
B) disgust
C) love
D) none of the above

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Question 11

EEG studies have found that those with more activity are better able to suppress negative emotion voluntarily.
A) anterior
B) posterior
C) right-sided
D) left-sided

Accepted Answer

EEG studies have shown that individuals with more left-sided brain activity are better at voluntarily suppressing negative emotions. This is because the left hemisphere is often associated with positive emotions and approach behaviors, while the right hemisphere is more linked to negative emotions and withdrawal behaviors.

Question 12

The role of the amygdala in learning to respond to stimuli that have come to represent aversive events through fear conditioning is primarily implicit.

Accepted Answer

The amygdala plays a major role in implicit, or unconscious, memory formation of fear-related stimuli through fear conditioning.

Question 13

What are some functions of the amygdala in emotional processing? In your answer, describe two experiments that illustrate the conditions in which the amygdala does or does not) play a role.

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Question 14

How do the hippocampus and amygdala interact in learning and memory? Under what conditions will the amygdala play a role in hippocampus-based learning? Under what conditions will it not?

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Question 15

What is an implicit measure? Describe a study covered in your text or in class that investigated cognition using both implicit and explicit measures.

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Question 16

Which area of the frontal lobe does NOT show increased activity in the cognitive control of emotion?
A) left lateral prefrontal cortex
B) left dorsomedial prefrontal cortex
C) left dorsolateral prefrontal cortex
D) left rostromedial prefrontal cortex

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Question 17

Patient S.M., who had damage to the amygdala, had difficulty recognizing sadness in the expressions of other people.

Accepted Answer

Patient S.M., who had damage to the amygdala, had difficulty recognizing fear in the expressions of other people, not sadness.

Question 18

In some of the fear-conditioning experiments described in your text, simple shapes like a blue square are used as the conditioned stimulus CS).

Accepted Answer

This is true. Simple shapes like a blue square are often used as the conditioned stimulus (CS) in fear-conditioning experiments.

Question 19

A common conditioned stimulus CS) in fear-conditioning experiments is an electric shock.

Accepted Answer

In fear-conditioning experiments, the electric shock is typically used as the unconditioned stimulus (US) that naturally elicits a fear response, while a neutral stimulus like a tone or light is used as the conditioned stimulus (CS) that becomes associated with the shock.

Question 20

One pathway through which information about unconditioned or conditioned stimuli reaches the amygdala is known as the "high road" and has a cortical component.

Accepted Answer

The "high road" pathway involves the sensory information traveling from the thalamus to the sensory cortex, where it is processed and integrated with other information. From there, the information is sent to the amygdala, where emotional processing occurs.

Quiz 10: Emotion