Question 1

In the Bartholow et al.(2005)study on aggression and violent video games,students who were relatively experienced and those who were inexperienced responded differently to competition because
A) the experienced participants were older than the inexperienced.
B) the two groups of participants interpreted their competitors' behavior in different ways.
C) the inexperienced participants did not like the competitive task as much as the experienced ones.
D) the inexperienced participants were more confused by the competitive task.

Accepted Answer

The study found that experienced gamers were more likely to interpret their competitors' behavior as competitive, whereas inexperienced gamers were more likely to interpret their competitors' behavior as hostile. This suggests that the two groups may have different expectations and interpretations of competitive situations, potentially due to differences in their gaming experience.

Question 2

When a fussy infant who does not like to be held leads a normally affectionate parent to be distant and emotionally uninvolved,this is the process of
A) a person choosing a situation.
B) a situation changing a person.
C) a situation choosing a person.
D) all of the above

Accepted Answer

This is an example of a situation changing a person, as the parent's behavior is being influenced by the difficult behavior of the infant. The parent is becoming distant and emotionally uninvolved as a result of the fussy infant, which is not their typical behavior. This is not an example of a person choosing a situation (A) or a situation choosing a person (C), as the parent did not actively seek out or create the situation, nor did the situation specifically choose the parent.

Question 3

John goes through fraternity rush.He initially picks two fraternities he likes,but at the end of the week,only one of the two wants him as a member,so he joins that fraternity.This is an example of
A) a person changing the situation.
B) a situation choosing the person.
C) a situation changing the person.
D) different people reacting differently to the same situation.

Accepted Answer

The situation (i.e., the fraternities) chose the person (John) because only one of the two wanted him as a member. John did not actively change the situation, nor did the situation change him.

Question 4

Which of the following is NOT an example of a way in which people can inadvertently change their situations?
A) Monica is very cheery, and those around her feel a boost in their mood and seek her company.
B) Hideki is depressed and those around him start feeling blue and ignore him.
C) Pedro wants to be a member of the psychology club on campus, so he applies to join.
D) Sara thinks people dislike her, and those around her become hostile and avoid her.

Accepted Answer

Pedro's application to join the psychology club is a deliberate attempt to change his situation, rather than an inadvertent one. Choices A, B, and D all involve unintentional changes in situation based on the behavior or thoughts of the individual involved.

Question 5

Individuals who are bicultural find that their internalized cultures "take turns" influencing their behavior.According to your book,the determination of which culture to follow is at least partially dependent upon
A) the person's mood.
B) which goal they are focused on.
C) the situation.
D) how they perceive themselves.

Accepted Answer

The determination of which culture to follow for individuals who are bicultural is at least partially dependent upon the situation. This means that the context in which they find themselves will influence which culture they choose to follow, as they may determine that one culture is more appropriate than the other depending on the situation they are in.

Question 6

In a demonstration of the importance of person-situation fit,Chatman et al.(1999)showed that business school graduate students who had a "successful young manager" personality
A) got more job offers.
B) eventually earned higher salaries.
C) changed jobs less frequently.
D) all of the above

Accepted Answer

The article states that the graduate students with a "successful young manager" personality were more likely to receive job offers, eventually earn higher salaries, and change jobs less frequently. Therefore, the correct choice is D, "all of the above."

Question 7

The extent to which a person and a situation are compatible is known as ________.
A) the situational constraint
B) a person-situation interaction
C) person-situation fit
D) systematic situational variation

Accepted Answer

Person-situation fit refers to the degree of compatibility between a person and a particular situation, taking into account their individual characteristics, needs, and preferences, as well as the demands and opportunities of the environment. This concept highlights the interactive nature of behavior, and the idea that the same person may behave very differently in different situations, depending on how well their resources match the requirements of the context. The other options are related to specific aspects of person-situation interactions, but do not capture the overall idea of fit.

Question 8

Which of the following is NOT a way in which the person and the situation interact to affect social behavior?
A) People can change their situations.
B) Situations can change people.
C) Different situations can activate different parts of the self.
D) Most people respond in the same way to the same situation.

Accepted Answer

The statement "Most people respond in the same way to the same situation" is not true. Social behavior can vary based on individual differences and personal factors. Therefore, D is the correct answer. Options A, B, and C all acknowledge the interaction between the person and the situation.

Question 9

The process by which a situation "constructs" us from the beginning and shapes us as people is known as
A) socialization.
B) conditioning.
C) learning.
D) self-perception.

Accepted Answer

Socialization is the process by which individuals learn the norms, values, and behaviors of their culture and society. It shapes a person's perception, beliefs, and attitudes, and contributes to their sense of self. Conditioning and learning are part of socialization, but they refer to specific aspects of the process. Self-perception is a related concept, but it pertains more to how individuals see themselves and their identities, rather than how they are constructed by external factors.

Question 10

Sam is half Catholic and half Jewish.Tuesday he sees a crucifix and starts thinking he ought to go to confession.Wednesday he sees a menorah and thinks he ought to start shopping for Chanukah.For Sam,
A) different situations prime different parts of the person.
B) different people change his situation.
C) the same situation primes different parts of the person.
D) different situations prime different norms.

Accepted Answer

Different situations (seeing a crucifix vs. seeing a menorah) prime different aspects of Sam's identity (his Catholic side vs. his Jewish side), illustrating how context can activate different parts of a person's identity or beliefs.

Question 11

David sees his son jumping on the furniture,a behavior that is strictly forbidden.David is from an individualistic culture.How is he most likely to reprimand his son?
A) "If you keep acting like that, no one will like you!"
B) "If you keep acting like that, people will make fun of you!"
C) "If you keep acting like that, I'm not going to like you anymore!"
D) "If you keep acting like that, you're going to lose your allowance!"

Accepted Answer

In individualistic cultures, such as those found in Western countries, independence and personal responsibility are highly valued. Punishing the child by taking away a privilege or reward, such as an allowance, is a common reprimand strategy in these cultures. Option D is the only choice that involves this type of consequence. Options A and B focus on social consequences, while option C threatens the relationship between father and son, which is not typically valued in individualistic cultures.

Question 12

In a study of the ways in which situations influence our actions,participants in the Bargh,Chen,and Burrows (1996)study who were exposed to rude words
A) were less likely to subsequently interrupt a conversation.
B) were more likely to subsequently interrupt a conversation.
C) were in a worse mood than those exposed to polite words.
D) were less likely to want to participate in another study.

Accepted Answer

Participants who were exposed to rude words were more likely to subsequently interrupt a conversation, compared to those exposed to polite words. This suggests that the situational influence of rude words increased the participants' likelihood of displaying rude behavior in their subsequent actions.

Question 13

According to your textbook,why was Michael Ovitz,a dynamic deal-maker,such a bad corporate administrator?
A) There was a poor person-situation fit.
B) He did not possess enough knowledge about the entertainment industry.
C) His employees did not trust him.
D) He was collectivistic, whereas the situation was individualistic.

Accepted Answer

Michael Ovitz was a bad corporate administrator because there was a poor person-situation fit. He was a dynamic deal-maker but lacked the skills needed to manage the company efficiently. His management style did not match the corporate culture, resulting in a misalignment between his approach and the company's needs.

Question 14

A group of friends is playing a relaxed game of touch football.Bill,an extremely competitive guy,asks if he can join in,and soon the game turns into a rough game of tackle football.This is an example of the way in which
A) people choose situations.
B) the situation can change the person.
C) situations choose people.
D) the person can change the situation.

Accepted Answer

Bill's competitive nature and his actions upon joining the game directly influence the nature of the game, turning it from touch to tackle football, demonstrating how an individual can alter the dynamics of a situation.

Question 15

According to research,students who were either relatively experienced or inexperienced with violent video games were asked to play either a violent or a nonviolent video game.Afterward,all of the students participated in pairs in a competitive task in which they could blast each other with loud noises.The researchers found that
A) experienced players were more aggressive after playing a violent video game than after playing a nonviolent one.
B) inexperienced players were more aggressive than experienced players no matter which video game they played.
C) inexperienced players were more aggressive after playing a violent video game than after playing a nonviolent one.
D) the violence of the video game had no effect on aggression levels.

Accepted Answer

The research found that inexperienced players were more aggressive after playing a violent video game than after playing a nonviolent one. This suggests that exposure to violent video games has a greater effect on those who are less experienced with them, and can increase their aggression levels. The other options are not supported by the research findings.

Question 16

Martin Luther King,Jr.wanted blacks treated with respect and loved his grandmother so much he tried to kill himself upon finding out she was dead.These are defined in your textbook as characteristics of the
A) person.
B) situation.
C) influence of person on the situation.
D) era King was socialized in.

Accepted Answer

The characteristics described in the statement are related to Martin Luther King Jr. as a person, including his values, beliefs, and emotional responses.

Question 17

An important type of person-situation interaction is
A) similar people behave differently in the same situation.
B) similar people behave similarly in different situations.
C) different people behave similarly in the same situation.
D) different people behave differently in the same situation.

Accepted Answer

Person-situation interaction refers to the way in which a person's behavior is influenced by the situation they are in. The option D (different people behave differently in the same situation) is correct because people vary in their personalities, traits, and experiences, which cause them to respond differently to the same situation. The other options are incorrect; A suggests that the situation is the same, but the people differ in their behavior, B is the inverse of A, and C suggests that people behave the same regardless of the situation they are in.

Question 18

If you were invited to a family meal in Japan,a collectivistic culture,would you expect it to be more or less scripted than a family meal in Great Britain,an individualistic culture?
A) You would expect the Japanese meal to be less scripted.
B) You would expect the Japanese meal to be more scripted.
C) You would expect no difference in the scripts, since the situation is the same.
D) It would depend on your expectations of the family meal.

Accepted Answer

In a collectivistic culture like Japan, social interactions often have more strict and formalized rituals and scripts, including family meals. In contrast, in individualistic cultures like Great Britain, there is often more emphasis on individual expression and informality in social situations, including family meals. Thus, it would be reasonable to expect the Japanese family meal to be more scripted than the British one.

Question 19

Cultures differ depending upon
A) nationality.
B) region of a country.
C) ethnicity.
D) all of the above

Accepted Answer

Cultures can differ based on a person's nationality, regional identity, and ethnicity. Nationality refers to the country a person is from, regional identity includes differences within a country or geographical area, and ethnicity refers to a person's cultural background or ancestry. Therefore, all of the above choices are correct.

Question 20

The festive atmosphere surrounding Berawan funeral ceremonies in Borneo,compared to the quiet and reserved atmosphere of most American funeral ceremonies,demonstrates
A) that the Berawan people don't take death seriously.
B) that Americans are relatively quiet and reserved people.
C) cultural differences in the content of scripts.
D) all of the above

Accepted Answer

The comparison between the Berawan funeral ceremonies and American funeral ceremonies highlights cultural differences in the content of scripts, rather than any conclusions about the seriousness of death or the personality traits of the two groups. The festive atmosphere of the Berawan ceremony is simply a reflection of their cultural practices and beliefs surrounding death, which are different from those of Americans.

Quiz 2: The Person and the Situation

In the Bartholow et al.(2005) study on aggression and violent video games,students who were relatively experienced and those who were inexperienced responded differently to competition because

When a fussy infant who does not like to be held leads a normally affectionate parent to be distant and emotionally uninvolved,this is the process of

John goes through fraternity rush.He initially picks two fraternities he likes,but at the end of the week,only one of the two wants him as a member,so he joins that fraternity.This is an example of

Which of the following is NOT an example of a way in which people can inadvertently change their situations?

Individuals who are bicultural find that their internalized cultures "take turns" influencing their behavior.According to your book,the determination of which culture to follow is at least partially dependent upon

In a demonstration of the importance of person-situation fit,Chatman et al.(1999) showed that business school graduate students who had a "successful young manager" personality

The extent to which a person and a situation are compatible is known as ________.

Which of the following is NOT a way in which the person and the situation interact to affect social behavior?

The process by which a situation "constructs" us from the beginning and shapes us as people is known as

Sam is half Catholic and half Jewish.Tuesday he sees a crucifix and starts thinking he ought to go to confession.Wednesday he sees a menorah and thinks he ought to start shopping for Chanukah.For Sam,

David sees his son jumping on the furniture,a behavior that is strictly forbidden.David is from an individualistic culture.How is he most likely to reprimand his son?

In a study of the ways in which situations influence our actions,participants in the Bargh,Chen,and Burrows (1996) study who were exposed to rude words

According to your textbook,why was Michael Ovitz,a dynamic deal-maker,such a bad corporate administrator?

A group of friends is playing a relaxed game of touch football.Bill,an extremely competitive guy,asks if he can join in,and soon the game turns into a rough game of tackle football.This is an example of the way in which

Martin Luther King,Jr.wanted blacks treated with respect and loved his grandmother so much he tried to kill himself upon finding out she was dead.These are defined in your textbook as characteristics of the

An important type of person-situation interaction is

If you were invited to a family meal in Japan,a collectivistic culture,would you expect it to be more or less scripted than a family meal in Great Britain,an individualistic culture?

Cultures differ depending upon

The festive atmosphere surrounding Berawan funeral ceremonies in Borneo,compared to the quiet and reserved atmosphere of most American funeral ceremonies,demonstrates