Question 1

Rheumatic fever (RF) is an inflammatory disease following infection from Streptococcus bacteria. It mainly affects children between ages 5 and 15 and occurs approximately 20 days after strep throat or scarlet fever. Severe RF can result in degeneration of the heart valves. Based on this scenario, RF is most likely to cause

Accepted Answer

Rheumatic fever can lead to rheumatic heart disease, which often damages the heart valves. This damage can cause the valves to not close properly, leading to regurgitation or "backslide" of blood from a ventricle back into an atrium.

Question 2

Children who are severely deficient in protein may develop swollen bodies (a condition called kwashiorkor) due to an accumulation of fluid in their tissues. Based on your knowledge of the role of albumin in the blood, explain how this might happen.

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Question 3

Based on this figure, which of the following occurs first?

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Question 4

Imagine that you are a red blood cell. Describe your ʺTrek Through the Heartʺ from when you enter until you finally exit. (Hint: You enter the right atrium. What next?)

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Question 5

During clotting, what happens to the plasma protein fibrinogen?)

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Question 6

Why is HDL cholesterol considered to be ʺgoodʺ cholesterol?

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Question 7

The liver is the primary producer of albumin. People with liver failure often show signs of extensive edema (tissue swelling). The edema occurs because fluid in the tissues is less likely to return to the blood due to a breakdown in the osmotic gradient that normally exists. Based on this scenario, which of the following statements explains this phenomenon?

Accepted Answer

Albumin helps maintain the osmotic pressure necessary for the proper distribution of body fluids between intravascular compartments and body tissues. A failing liver produces less albumin, reducing the osmotic gradient needed to keep fluid in the bloodstream, leading to edema.

Question 8

What is the role of erythropoietin?

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Question 9

Based on this figure, which of the following is TRUE?

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