Question 1

Why is categorization an efficient way of thinking?
A)It reduces the amount of information about a concept in memory.
B)It makes information about a concept more specific.
C)It reduces the number of concepts held in memory.
D)It prioritizes the important information in a concept.

Accepted Answer

Categorization allows for the grouping of similar concepts, reducing the amount of information that needs to be stored in memory. This makes it easier and more efficient for the brain to process information and retrieve it when needed.

Question 2

Your neighbor is upset because you borrowed his car without asking him.He is distressed because borrowing a car without asking is a violation of our social
A)schema.
B)attribute.
C)prototype.
D)concept.

Accepted Answer

Borrowing a car without asking violates our social schema, which refers to a pattern of thought or behavior that organizes categories of information and the relationships among them. It's a framework representing some aspect of the world, or a system of organizing and perceiving new information. In this context, it's about understanding and respecting personal property and boundaries.

Question 3

A picture of a carrot is an example of an) representation; the word carrot is an) representation.
A)symbolic; analogical
B)analogical; symbolic
C)analogical; analogical
D)symbolic; symbolic

Accepted Answer

A picture of a carrot is analogous to a real carrot, while the word "carrot" is a symbol representing the real thing. Therefore, the correct pairing is analogical for the picture and symbolic for the word.

Question 4

A grocery store manager decides to combat shoplifting by requiring customers to pay somewhat more than the estimated cost of their groceries when they enter the store and get their change when they leave.Customers are confused and unhappy about this change in the shopping
A)reasoning.
B)script.
C)prototype.
D)concept.

Accepted Answer

The term "script" in this context refers to a sequence of expected behaviors or actions in a particular setting. Changing the payment process in a grocery store disrupts the usual script of paying after selecting items, leading to customer confusion and dissatisfaction.

Question 5

In New York City, it might be a dress shoe.In Texas, it could be a cowboy boot.In Florida, it might be a sandal.In Montana, it could be a hiking boot.Each of these is an) of the shoe category for the culture of that city.
A)exemplar
B)prototype
C)schema
D)representation

Accepted Answer

The answer of In New York City, it might be...

Question 6

A problem with schemas is that they can easily
A)promote stereotypes.
B)incorrectly categorize examples.
C)confuse prototypes and exemplars.
D)miss defining attributes.

Accepted Answer

Schemas can lead to the development and reinforcement of stereotypes as they often rely on generalizations and assumptions about certain groups or individuals.

Question 7

The word tree is an example of an) , whereas a picture of a tree is an example of an) .
A)analogical representation; symbolic representation
B)symbolic representation; analogical representation
C)concept; analogical representation
D)analogical representation; prototype model

Accepted Answer

The word "tree" is a symbolic representation because it is a linguistic unit that represents the concept of a tree. On the other hand, a picture of a tree is an analogical representation because it is a visual representation that is similar to the actual object it represents.

Question 8

You are startled when you pass an 18-wheeler driven by a woman.A woman driver violates your of a trucker.
A)schema
B)script
C)anchor
D)concept

Accepted Answer

This scenario challenges the schema or preconceived notions that the person holds about truck drivers being predominantly male.

Question 9

Even though Vince sits with Hannah in class, he asks Ruiz to be his study partner because Ruiz works harder than Hannah.In thinking about this decision, Vince used which one of the following mental concepts?
A)friend
B)notes
C)book
D)exam

Accepted Answer

Vince's decision is based on the concept of an "exam" as he chooses a study partner who works harder, likely to perform better in exams.

Question 10

The main difference between the exemplar model and the prototype model is that the prototype model is defined by of the category and the exemplar model is defined by of the category.
A)the best example; all the examples
B)all the examples; the best example
C)the most common example; the best set of examples
D)the best set of examples; the most common example

Accepted Answer

The prototype model is based on the "best example" or most typical member of a category, while the exemplar model relies on all examples or instances of the category that individuals have encountered.

Question 11

The expectation that a minister will give a sermon in church, whereas a professor will give a lecture in class, comes from which property of schemas?
A)categories contain exemplars
B)concepts contain prototypes
C)common situations have consistent attributes
D)people have specific roles within situational contexts

Accepted Answer

The expectation that a minister will give a sermon in church and a professor will give a lecture in class comes from the schema property that people have specific roles within situational contexts. We have a schema, or mental framework, for what is typical in these situations and what roles people should play. Therefore, our expectation aligns with the specific role that we associate with each context.

Question 12

can lead to the reinforcement of racism or sexism.
A)Exemplars
B)Schemas
C)Reasoning
D)Cognition

Accepted Answer

Schemas are pre-existing mental structures that help us organize and interpret information. However, these schemas can also lead to the reinforcement of stereotypes and biases, including racism and sexism. For example, if someone has a schema that associates certain traits or behaviors with a particular racial or gender group, this can lead to discrimination and the reinforcement of negative stereotypes.

Question 13

An) is an) of a sequence of events.
A)procedure; outline
B)schema; script
C)script; schema
D)outline; procedure

Accepted Answer

A script is an example of a schema, where a schema refers to a cognitive framework that helps organize and interpret information, and a script is a specific type of schema that organizes knowledge of sequences of events.

Question 14

Consider two representations.Representation A is abstract and bears no systematic relationship to what it represents, whereas Representation B shares some features of what it represents.Representation A is an) and Representation B is an) .
A)symbolic representation; analogical representation
B)analogical representation; symbolic representation
C)analogical representation; analogical representation
D)symbolic representation; symbolic representation

Accepted Answer

Representation A is a symbolic representation because it is abstract and does not systematically relate to what it represents, similar to how language symbols work. Representation B is an analogical representation because it shares some features with what it represents, akin to a map or a scale model.

Question 15

When David first moved to Austin, he had to rely on the GPS in his car.Over time, David found that he could navigate the city without using his GPS because he knew information about sections of the city and had a rough idea of its shape.David must have developed a of the city.
A)symbolic representation
B)mental map
C)prototype
D)analogical representation

Accepted Answer

A mental map is a person's internal representation of information about the spatial relationships between objects in their environment. In this case, David has developed a mental map of Austin by gaining knowledge of the city's shape and different sections, allowing him to navigate without using his GPS.

Question 16

Mandy emails her roommate to tell her that she has adopted a kitten.The email says nothing more.Mandy's roommate's memory processes tell her that the kitten will be .
A)symbolic representation; living in their apartment
B)analogical representation; small, drink milk, and purr
C)mental imaging; going for walks on a leash
D)categorization; furry, meow, and need a litter box

Accepted Answer

Mandy's email provides limited information about the kitten, so her roommate will likely categorize it based on its general traits and characteristics, such as being furry, meowing, and needing a litter box. This is a form of categorization, which involves grouping objects or concepts based on shared properties or features. The other options involve more specific or imaginative representations of the kitten, which are less likely to be inferred from the email alone.

Question 17

Their 5-year-old nephew asks Hallel and Hamdi what an aardvark looks like.Hallel finds a picture in a children's book about animals and shows it to him.Hamdi finds a description in the encyclopedia and uses it to describe an aardvark.Hallel's approach is similar to using an) ; Hamdi's approach is similar to using an) .
A)analogical representation; representation based on attributes
B)analogical representation; analogical representation
C)representation based on attributes; analogical representation
D)representation based on attributes; representation based on attributes

Accepted Answer

Hallel's approach of showing a picture is similar to using an analogical representation because it provides a direct, visual similarity to the real thing. Hamdi's approach of describing the aardvark uses a representation based on attributes, as it relies on verbal descriptions of features and characteristics.

Question 18

Analogical representations correspond to characteristics of the object that they represent.Symbolic representations correspond to characteristics of the object that they represent.
A)do; do
B)do not; do not
C)do; do not
D)do not; do

Accepted Answer

Analogical representations do correspond to characteristics of the object that they represent, while symbolic representations do not necessarily correspond to these characteristics.

Question 19

The type of schema that helps us understand how a series of events progress in a situation is
A)mental shortcut.
B)stereotype.
C)script.
D)exemplar.

Accepted Answer

A script schema helps us understand how a series of events progress in a particular situation. It is a predetermined sequence of actions and events that are expected to occur in a specific context.

Question 20

Which of the following statements about categorization is a problem for the defining attribute model?
A)All attributes are equally important.
B)It is difficult to specify defining attributes.
C)Category membership is not all-or-none.
D)Categories cannot be well specified by attributes alone.

Accepted Answer

The answer of Which of the following statements about categorization...

Quiz 8: Thinking, Language and Intelligence

Why is categorization an efficient way of thinking?

Your neighbor is upset because you borrowed his car without asking him.He is distressed because borrowing a car without asking is a violation of our social

A picture of a carrot is an example of an) representation; the word carrot is an) representation.

A grocery store manager decides to combat shoplifting by requiring customers to pay somewhat more than the estimated cost of their groceries when they enter the store and get their change when they leave.Customers are confused and unhappy about this change in the shopping

In New York City, it might be a dress shoe.In Texas, it could be a cowboy boot.In Florida, it might be a sandal.In Montana, it could be a hiking boot.Each of these is an) of the shoe category for the culture of that city.

A problem with schemas is that they can easily

The word tree is an example of an) , whereas a picture of a tree is an example of an) .

You are startled when you pass an 18-wheeler driven by a woman.A woman driver violates your of a trucker.

Even though Vince sits with Hannah in class, he asks Ruiz to be his study partner because Ruiz works harder than Hannah.In thinking about this decision, Vince used which one of the following mental concepts?

The main difference between the exemplar model and the prototype model is that the prototype model is defined by of the category and the exemplar model is defined by of the category.

The expectation that a minister will give a sermon in church, whereas a professor will give a lecture in class, comes from which property of schemas?

can lead to the reinforcement of racism or sexism.

An) is an) of a sequence of events.

Consider two representations.Representation A is abstract and bears no systematic relationship to what it represents, whereas Representation B shares some features of what it represents.Representation A is an) and Representation B is an) .

When David first moved to Austin, he had to rely on the GPS in his car.Over time, David found that he could navigate the city without using his GPS because he knew information about sections of the city and had a rough idea of its shape.David must have developed a of the city.

Mandy emails her roommate to tell her that she has adopted a kitten.The email says nothing more.Mandy's roommate's memory processes tell her that the kitten will be .

Analogical representations correspond to characteristics of the object that they represent.Symbolic representations correspond to characteristics of the object that they represent.

The type of schema that helps us understand how a series of events progress in a situation is

Which of the following statements about categorization is a problem for the defining attribute model?