Question 1

If you wanted to help your students learn something by using a mnemonic device, which one of the following sentences would you use?
A)"Area equals length times width" is the formula for calculating the area of a rectangle.
B)"Do unto others as you would have them do unto you" is the Golden Rule.
C)"My very energetic mother just slugged Uncle Norton" tells us the eight planets in the solar system.
D)"Washington, Adams, Jefferson, Madison, Monroe, and Adams" are the first six presidents of the United States.

Accepted Answer

"My very energetic mother just slugged Uncle Norton" is a well-known mnemonic device for remembering the names of the eight planets in the solar system (Mercury, Venus, Earth, Mars, Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus, Neptune). The first letter of each word in the sentence corresponds to the first letter of each planet name. This is a helpful way for students to remember the order of the planets.

Question 2

You go to an art museum on a Sunday afternoon.Judging from researchers' findings with respect to hot cognition, which one of the following paintings are you most likely to remember?
A)One dog baring its teeth at another dog
B)A variety of fruit in a colorful Mexican bowl
C)A man with a bloody, gruesome chest wound
D)A pleasant farm scene, with cows grazing by a stream

Accepted Answer

Hot cognition theory suggests that emotionally charged or arousing stimuli are more likely to be remembered than neutral stimuli. A painting of a man with a bloody, gruesome chest wound would likely evoke a strong emotional response, making it more memorable.

Question 3

Norman is studying Chinese and needs to remember that the word for "exit" is chu, so he remembers the sentence, "The choo-choo train is exiting the station." Norman's technique illustrates the use of:
A)A superimposed meaningful structure
B)Reconstructive retrieval
C)The keyword method
D)Verbal mediation

Accepted Answer

The answer of Norman is studying Chinese and needs to...

Question 4

Ms.Iwata has a long-term goal for her science students: to consider what they have learned about science as they deal with issues and problems in their daily lives.What teaching strategy will best help her students retrieve relevant scientific principles when they need them the most?
A)Make sure that students study those principles in a no-anxiety situation.
B)Associate those principles with as many real-life situations as possible.
C)Maximize the use of concrete materials, and minimize the use of abstract ideas.
D)Maximize the use of abstract ideas, and minimize the use of concrete materials.

Accepted Answer

By associating scientific principles with real-life situations, students are more likely to remember and retrieve them when they encounter similar situations in their daily lives. This helps them to apply their knowledge and skills to real-world issues and problems.

Question 5

Successful retrieval of information from long-term memory depends on three of the following factors.On which one does retrieval not depend?
A)The part of long-term memory being searched
B)How the information was stored in the first place
C)The presence of relevant retrieval cues
D)The capacity of a learner's sensory register

Accepted Answer

Successful retrieval of information from long-term memory does not depend on the capacity of a learner's sensory register, which is only responsible for briefly holding sensory information before it is transferred to short-term memory.

Question 6

A language arts teacher teaches her students the parts of speech nouns, verbs, adjectives, etc.)and wants her students to continue to remember them as they study English and foreign languages in the years to come.Considering the factors affecting retrieval of information from long-term memory, which one of the following strategies should maximize the likelihood that students will remember the different parts of speech over the long run?
A)Have students study each part of speech separately, perhaps a different one each month.
B)Have students memorize definitions of each part of speech until they can recite the definitions word for word.
C)Have students study them early in the school year and periodically review them in various contexts throughout the year.
D)Have students study them intensely for a month, then stay away from any discussion of them for the rest of the school year.

Accepted Answer

Studies have shown that the most effective way to remember information in the long term is through repeated exposure and practice. Option C suggests studying the parts of speech early in the school year and periodically reviewing them in various contexts throughout the year. This approach maximizes the likelihood that students will remember the different parts of speech over the long run by providing repeated exposure to the material and allowing for the consolidation of learning in long-term memory. Options A, B, and D do not provide the same level of repeated exposure and practice necessary for long-term retention.

Question 7

Which one of the following is the best example of hot cognition?
A)Thinking of a new strategy for solving a difficult problem
B)Getting excited when you read about a possible cure for Alzheimer's disease
C)Realizing that you finally understand Einstein's law of relativity
D)Having a mental block that interferes with your writing ability

Accepted Answer

Hot cognition is characterized by emotional arousal and is often driven by personal desires, interests, or values. Option B is the only example that involves an emotional response (excitement) to a specific outcome (possible cure for Alzheimer's disease).

Question 8

Sarah needs to know her division facts for a quiz tomorrow.She wants to do as well as she possibly can on the quiz.Based on findings regarding automaticity, which one of the following would be the best advice to give Sarah?
A)"Repeat each fact at least five times silently."
B)"Repeat each fact at least five times out loud."
C)"Study the facts until you know each one and then do something entirely different until morning."
D)"Study the facts until you know them all perfectly, and then continue to practice them even after that."

Accepted Answer

Research has shown that automaticity in math facts is best achieved through consistent and repeated practice. Therefore, the best advice for Sarah would be to study the facts until she knows them perfectly and then continue to practice them even after that.

Question 9

To remember that the capital of the state of Washington is Olympia, Bart pictures George Washington running a race in the Olympics.Bart's technique illustrates:
A)The keyword method
B)Verbal mediation
C)Reconstructive retrieval
D)A superimposed meaningful structure

Accepted Answer

Bart's technique of picturing George Washington running in the Olympics is an example of the keyword method. The keyword method involves associating a new word or concept with a familiar word or image in order to aid recall. In this case, Bart is using the familiar concept of the Olympics to help him remember the capital of Washington.

Question 10

According to the textbook, students often engage in rote learning rather than meaningful learning of school subject matter because:
A)It is human nature to do so unless taught otherwise.
B)Classroom teaching and testing practices often encourage it.
C)Information learned at a rote level is stored in working memory more quickly.
D)Rote learning is characteristic of preoperational and concrete operational thought.

Accepted Answer

The textbook states that classroom teaching and testing practices often encourage rote learning, leading to students memorizing facts and procedures without understanding the underlying concepts. This is reinforced by the use of multiple-choice tests and grading systems that prioritize recall of basic knowledge over critical thinking and problem-solving skills.

Question 11

Which one of the following best illustrates automaticity?
A)Knowing more about dinosaurs than most people your age
B)Playing a musical piece on the piano easily and effortlessly
C)Helping two friends resolve their differences and make amends
D)Sculpting a lifelike model of the human hand

Accepted Answer

Automaticity refers to the ability to perform a task without conscious effort or attention. Playing a musical piece on the piano easily and effortlessly is an example of automaticity because the musician has practiced the piece so many times that it can be executed without thinking about each individual note or movement.

Question 12

Which one of the following examples best illustrates situated cognition in action?
A)When Rachel learns the concept momentum, she immediately recalls a variety of phenomena that the concept can explain.
B)Lucinda doesn't enjoy her history class because her teacher expects students to memorize a lot of names, dates, and places.
C)It doesn't occur to Jennie that she can use algebra to help her solve a problem in her physics class.
D)Eleanor enjoys physical education class because she always feels more energized afterward.

Accepted Answer

Situated cognition suggests that knowledge is constructed within and linked to the context in which it is learned. Jennie's failure to apply algebra in physics indicates a lack of transfer of knowledge to a new context, illustrating situated cognition.

Question 13

Three of the following are examples of mnemonics.Which one is not a mnemonic?
A)To learn how to drive a car with a standard transmission, Bart practices the various parts of the task
B)To learn the letters identifying the spaces on the treble clef F A C E), Annabelle simply remembers the word face.
C)To learn that the Spanish word pájaro means "bird," Corey pictures a bird wearing pajamas.
D)To learn that the Spanish word navidad means "Christmas," Dorene thinks of the word "nativity."
E)g., steering, shifting, and braking)separately.

Accepted Answer

Option A is not a mnemonic. It is a practice technique where the learner breaks down the task into smaller parts and practices each one separately. The other options use different mnemonic devices (such as acronyms, association, visualization) to help remember information.

Question 14

Which one of the following students definitely has a meaningful learning set? A)Annie practices calculating the area of a triangle by completing her 20 homework problems. B)Benny memorizes the fact that 0.5 is equivalent to ¹/₂. C)Connie knows that she will eventually learn the multiplication tables if she practices them enough times. D)Danny is trying to figure out the logic underlying the process of long division.

Accepted Answer

Danny is engaging in deeper learning by trying to understand the logic behind long division, rather than just memorizing a formula or completing rote practice problems. This suggests that he has a meaningful learning set.

Question 15

An advantage of knowing some skills to a level of automaticity is that skills learned to automaticity:
A)Require less working memory capacity
B)Promote the development of retrieval cues
C)Enhance the reconstructive nature of retrieval
D)Make meaningful learning of those skills unnecessary

Accepted Answer

When a skill is learned to automaticity, it no longer requires conscious effort and can be executed without using much of the individual's working memory capacity. This frees up working memory for other tasks and allows the individual to perform the skill more efficiently.

Question 16

To remember the four states that come together at a single point Colorado, Arizona, New Mexico, and Utah), Marcia remembers "CANU" pronounced like "canoe"). Marcia's technique illustrates the use of:
A)The keyword method
B)Visual imagery
C)Verbal mediation
D)A superimposed meaningful structure

Accepted Answer

Marcia's technique of using "CANU" to remember the states is an example of a superimposed meaningful structure, where a meaningful word or phrase is created to help recall information.

Question 17

Three of the following strategies should help students remember classroom subject matter over the long run.Considering guidelines presented in the textbook, which one will not help them?
A)Reviewing the material periodically over the course of several days or weeks.
B)Engaging in meaningful learning by relating the material to a situation in which they are likely to use it.
C)Preventing interference by learning each piece of information at a different time.
D)Elaborating by drawing inferences from the things they study.

Accepted Answer

Preventing interference by learning each piece of information at a different time is not effective in helping students remember classroom subject matter over the long run. In fact, it can make it harder for students to retain information if they are not able to make connections between related concepts. The other three strategies (reviewing material periodically, engaging in meaningful learning, and elaborating) are all effective ways to improve long-term retention of information.

Question 18

Which one of the following statements best illustrates prior knowledge activation in a geometry lesson?
A)"Today we will be studying three different kinds of triangles: acute, right, and obtuse."
B)"Calculating the volume of a sphere is similar to a procedure you learned last month-calculating the area of a circle."
C)"Okay, class, it's time to put your reading assignment away so that we can begin our geometry lesson."
D)"Do you know how many square feet you have in your bedroom? After learning how to calculate the area of a rectangle today, you will know how to figure out exactly how big your bedroom is."

Accepted Answer

This statement explicitly references prior knowledge by connecting the process of calculating the volume of a sphere to that of calculating the area of a circle, which was presumably taught previously. The other statements introduce new information (A), transition away from prior knowledge (C), or imply a hypothetical situation (D) rather than directly referencing prior knowledge.

Question 19

Which one of the following statements best describes situated learning as it affects retrieval?
A)Information is more likely to be retrieved if it was originally stored consciously rather than unconsciously.
B)Knowledge and skills acquired in one context are unlikely to be retrieved in a very different context.
C)Studying principles of deductive and inductive reasoning leads to better retrieval in a variety of contexts.
D)Students are more likely to retrieve previously learned material if their teacher has presented the material within the context of role-playing activities.

Accepted Answer

Situated learning suggests that knowledge and skills are strongly tied to the context in which they were acquired. Therefore, retrieval is more likely to occur if the context of the original learning experience is similar to the context in which the information needs to be retrieved. Choice A is incorrect because the mode of storage (conscious or unconscious) is not a factor in retrieval. Choice C is incorrect because studying principles of reasoning can improve cognitive abilities, but it does not necessarily improve retrieval specifically. Choice D is incorrect because while role-playing can be a useful learning strategy, it is not necessarily more effective for retrieval than other types of activities.

Question 20

Maria is listening to her teacher talk about how rain develops.Maria thinks, "Rain … hmm, it's supposed to rain tomorrow … I wonder where I left my umbrella … I think I took it to the library yesterday … I'll bet that's where I left my notebook, too." Maria's thoughts illustrate:
A)Decay as an explanation of forgetting
B)The typical nature of retrieval
C)Visual imagery in learning
D)Construction in storage

Accepted Answer

Maria's thoughts illustrate the typical nature of retrieval, where one thought leads to another and leads the individual away from the original topic.

Quiz 6: Learning and Cognitive Processes

If you wanted to help your students learn something by using a mnemonic device, which one of the following sentences would you use?

You go to an art museum on a Sunday afternoon.Judging from researchers' findings with respect to hot cognition, which one of the following paintings are you most likely to remember?

Norman is studying Chinese and needs to remember that the word for "exit" is chu, so he remembers the sentence, "The choo-choo train is exiting the station." Norman's technique illustrates the use of:

Ms.Iwata has a long-term goal for her science students: to consider what they have learned about science as they deal with issues and problems in their daily lives.What teaching strategy will best help her students retrieve relevant scientific principles when they need them the most?

Successful retrieval of information from long-term memory depends on three of the following factors.On which one does retrieval not depend?

Which one of the following is the best example of hot cognition?

Sarah needs to know her division facts for a quiz tomorrow.She wants to do as well as she possibly can on the quiz.Based on findings regarding automaticity, which one of the following would be the best advice to give Sarah?

To remember that the capital of the state of Washington is Olympia, Bart pictures George Washington running a race in the Olympics.Bart's technique illustrates:

According to the textbook, students often engage in rote learning rather than meaningful learning of school subject matter because:

Which one of the following best illustrates automaticity?

Which one of the following examples best illustrates situated cognition in action?

Three of the following are examples of mnemonics.Which one is not a mnemonic?

Which one of the following students definitely has a meaningful learning set?

An advantage of knowing some skills to a level of automaticity is that skills learned to automaticity:

To remember the four states that come together at a single point Colorado, Arizona, New Mexico, and Utah) , Marcia remembers "CANU" pronounced like "canoe") . Marcia's technique illustrates the use of:

Three of the following strategies should help students remember classroom subject matter over the long run.Considering guidelines presented in the textbook, which one will not help them?

Which one of the following statements best illustrates prior knowledge activation in a geometry lesson?

Which one of the following statements best describes situated learning as it affects retrieval?

Maria is listening to her teacher talk about how rain develops.Maria thinks, "Rain … hmm, it's supposed to rain tomorrow … I wonder where I left my umbrella … I think I took it to the library yesterday … I'll bet that's where I left my notebook, too." Maria's thoughts illustrate: