Question 1

A behaviourist is certain that the problem one of her clients is facing must be due to bad learning. She may be suffering from the _ _ bias.

Accepted Answer

The given scenario is an example of confirmatory bias, where the behaviourist has a preconceived notion that the problem is related to bad learning and is looking for evidence that confirms her belief. This bias can lead to overlooking other important factors that may be causing the problem, and can hinder effective problem-solving.

Question 2

The idea that memory influences what people recall is known as

Accepted Answer

Constructive memory theory suggests that people use their existing knowledge and expectations to fill in gaps in their memory, leading to inaccuracies in recall. This means that memory influences what people recall, as they often unintentionally alter or add details based on their past experiences and beliefs.

Question 3

The case of teacher Michael Kliman's alleged sexual abuse of two students is likely an example of

Accepted Answer

The case of Michael Kliman involves implanted memories during psychotherapy, where suggestions or leading questions by a therapist may inadvertently lead individuals to recall events that did not actually occur.

Question 4

The bias is the tendency to only look for evidence that confirms a previous hunch.

Accepted Answer

Confirmatory bias is the tendency to search for or interpret information that supports one's preconceived beliefs or hypothesis. It can lead to ignoring contradictory evidence and ultimately prevent individuals from considering alternative explanations.

Question 5

Holly Ramona's memories of being abused as a child were

Accepted Answer

Holly Ramona's case is often cited in discussions about false memory syndrome, where it is believed that her memories of abuse were not genuine recollections but rather suggestions implanted by her therapist during therapy. This phenomenon highlights the potential for therapy techniques, especially those involving suggestion or leading questions, to create false memories.

Question 6

Michael Kliman, the teacher accused of abusing two female students, was eventually found not guilty due to

Accepted Answer

The article states that the teacher was found not guilty due to inconsistencies and improbabilities in the testimonies of his accusers.

Question 7

Westen defines all of these as fundamental postulates of modern psychoanalytic theory EXCEPT

Accepted Answer

None of the other options are postulates that Westen identifies as fundamental to modern psychoanalytic theory. In fact, Westen emphasizes the continuing importance of the unconscious, mental representations of self and relationships, and the role of internal conflicts in shaping behavior. However, he does not suggest that childhood experiences are irrelevant for understanding adult relationship styles. Instead, he argues that childhood experiences shape mental representations that continue to influence adult behavior, but that these representations may be modified over time through new experiences and therapeutic interventions.

Question 8

Experimental procedures developed by Henry Roediger and Kathleen McDermott can create false memories in percent of research participants.

Accepted Answer

The article states that the experimental procedures developed by Roediger and McDermott can create false memories in up to 80% of research participants.

Question 9

Memory research conducted by Loftus suggests that false memories can be created

Accepted Answer

Loftus and her colleagues conducted a variety of experiments in which participants were presented with misleading information, such as leading questions or suggestive language, and then asked to recall events or details. These studies found that false memories could be created as a result of these manipulations of memory retrieval. While child abuse, head trauma, and subliminal prompts may also have an impact on memory, Loftus's research specifically focused on the effects of misleading information.

Question 10

Without telling you that I have used photo-editing software to create a photo, I show you a picture of yourself next to a flying saucer. Later I ask you if you ever had an encounter with a flying saucer in your childhood. You most likely will report that you

Accepted Answer

The photo can create a false memory or increase confidence in a false event due to the power of suggestion and the influence of visual cues on memory.

Question 11

Hypnosis and sodium amytal usually lead to

Accepted Answer

Hypnosis and sodium amytal often lead to distorted memories because they can create a heightened state of suggestibility, making individuals more likely to incorporate false or suggested information into their memories.

Question 12

If individuals are directed to imagine something that did not happen to them, it might lead to what Loftus and her colleagues called the effect.

Accepted Answer

Loftus and her colleagues called the phenomenon of individuals imagining events that did not happen to them and then becoming more confident that those events actually occurred "imagination inflation."

Question 13

The Ramona case discussed in the text demonstrates that

Accepted Answer

The Ramona case highlights the idea that therapists can be held accountable for inducing false memories as Ramona was led to believe she had been sexually abused by her father based on therapy that was later found to be flawed. However, the case does not necessarily prove that child abusers can always be brought to justice based on recovered memories, nor does it conclusively prove either the occurrence or absence of repression.

Question 14

You are assigned to learn the following list of words: bagel, bread, pie, cake, and turnover. I then ask you to tell me what words on a second list you remember from the first list. You add the word "donut" to the list. This is an example of the

Accepted Answer

This is an example of the spreading activation model of memory, which suggests that when we encounter a stimulus (in this case, the list of words), related nodes in our memory network are simultaneously activated, making it easier to remember related information (adding "donut" to the list).

Question 15

A study on false memories by psychologist Elizabeth Loftus demonstrated that

Accepted Answer

Elizabeth Loftus's research demonstrated that asking leading questions could implant false memories in individuals. She conducted experiments where participants were shown a video and then had false information suggested to them through a leading question. Participants then often incorporated the false information into their memories of the video, leading to the creation of false memories. This highlights the malleability of memory and the potential for false memories to be created through suggestion or misinformation.

Question 16

One of the main factors influencing people to report false memories is

Accepted Answer

The many books on the topic in the popular press have been found to be a significant factor in influencing people to report false memories. Reading books on the subject can lead individuals to believe that certain events from their past actually happened to them, even if they did not.

Question 17

According to the text, Holly Ramona was

Accepted Answer

The text states that Holly Ramona was likely induced to have false memories, so option B is the best choice. The text does not provide any information about Holly Ramona being a victim of childhood sexual abuse or a famous psychoanalyst.

Question 18

Which of the following statements would a modern psychoanalyst most likely agree with?

Accepted Answer

A modern psychoanalyst would most likely agree that the unconscious plays an important role in human functioning. While traditional psychoanalysis emphasized the role of unconscious conflict in shaping behavior, contemporary psychoanalytic theories have broadened to include a range of unconscious processes, including implicit memory, affect regulation, and social cognition. Childhood experiences are also seen as important in shaping unconscious processes, but not to the extent that childhood sexuality is seen as more important than childhood relationships (choice C) or that childhood is unimportant in development (choice D).

Question 19

refers to a model of memory that suggests that information is stored with associations to other related elements in memory.

Accepted Answer

Spreading activation is a model of memory that suggests that when a person encounters a piece of information, other related elements in memory become activated and linked to the original piece of information. This allows for retrieval of information through associations and connections in memory.

Question 20

The neo-analytic view places ________ emphasis on relating to others and ________ emphasis on sexual urges than Freud did.

Accepted Answer

The neo-analytic view, also known as psychodynamic theory, places more emphasis on relating to others and less emphasis on sexual urges than Freud did. This approach focuses on the importance of interpersonal relationships and the individual's sense of self, rather than solely on sexual instincts. Therefore, choice A (more; less) is the correct answer.

Quiz 10: Psychoanalytic Approaches: Contemporary Issues