Question 1

A woman shows no interest in socializing with other people. How might a behaviorist explain this behavior?
A) The woman does not believe that she can interact effectively with other people.
B) The woman has not been reinforced enough for engaging in social behavior.
C) The woman experiences anxiety in social situations and uses her asocial style as a defense against this anxiety.
D) The woman is either high in social anxiety or low in sociability.

Accepted Answer

According to behaviorism, behavior is influenced by its consequences. If the woman has not been reinforced enough for engaging in social behavior, she may not be motivated to continue that behavior. Therefore, she may show no interest in socializing with other people.

Question 2

A woman suffers from stage fright. If you were to use the most effective method to change her efficacy expectation for overcoming this problem, you would probably
A) help her to have a successful experience speaking in front of a group.
B) have her watch models who do well speaking in front of groups.
C) give her a persuasive speech to convince her she can perform the behavior.
D) point out to her that she does not appear anxious just before taking the stage.

Accepted Answer

Helping the woman to have a successful experience speaking in front of a group would be the most effective method to change her efficacy expectation for overcoming stage fright. This approach would provide her with firsthand evidence that she is capable of speaking in front of a group without experiencing debilitating anxiety, which would boost her confidence and efficacy beliefs for future public speaking events. Watching models who do well, giving a persuasive speech, or pointing out that she does not appear anxious before taking the stage may be helpful, but may not provide the same level of efficacy enhancement as actually experiencing success in the feared behavior.

Question 3

A behavioral therapist wants to teach a client to relax. The therapist wants to teach the client to pay attention to when his muscles are tense. However, the client complains that he cannot tell when his muscles are tense. What type of treatment will the therapist probably try?
A) Systematic desensitization
B) Aversion therapy
C) Shock therapy
D) Biofeedback

Accepted Answer

Biofeedback is a treatment that uses sensors to measure physiological responses like muscle tension, heart rate, and breathing, and provides feedback to the individual. Through the use of this feedback, the individual can learn to recognize when their muscles are tense and then learn relaxation techniques to reduce the tension. Therefore, it is likely that the therapist will try biofeedback to teach the client to recognize when his muscles are tense.

Question 4

Which of the following treatments for problem behaviors would be an application of operant conditioning?
A) Aversion therapy
B) Systematic desensitization
C) Biofeedback
D) All of the above

Accepted Answer

The answer of Which of the following treatments for problem...

Question 5

Systematic desensitization is used by behavior therapists to help clients suffering from which problem?
A) phobia
B) anxiety
C) shyness
D) an undesirable behavior, such as a bad habit

Accepted Answer

Systematic desensitization is a technique used in behavior therapy to help people overcome phobias. It involves gradually exposing the person to the feared object or situation in a controlled and safe manner until they can tolerate it without experiencing anxiety.

Question 6

Aversion therapy is based on which concept?
A) Negative reinforcement
B) Punishment
C) Shaping
D) Classical conditioning

Accepted Answer

Aversion therapy is based on classical conditioning. It involves pairing a stimulus (such as alcohol or cigarettes) with an unpleasant or aversive stimulus (such as nausea or electric shock) in an attempt to create a negative association between the two. The goal is to decrease the likelihood of the target behavior by making it less appealing or reinforcing.

Question 7

According to self-efficacy theory, the extent of people's beliefs that they can bring about outcomes is referred to as
A) reinforcement value.
B) efficacy expectation.
C) outcome expectation.
D) performance accomplishments.

Accepted Answer

Self-efficacy theory defines efficacy expectation as an individual's belief in their ability to produce desired results or outcomes. Reinforcement value refers to the value placed on a particular outcome, outcome expectation refers to the belief that a specific outcome will occur, and performance accomplishments refer to an individual's previous successes or failures in achieving a particular outcome.

Question 8

Define operant conditioning and contrast it with classical conditioning. State the law of effect and describe the nature of the observations made by Thorndike to formulate the law. Give two examples of your own that illustrate the reinforcement strategies used in operant conditioning to increase desired behaviors.

Accepted Answer

The answer of Define operant conditioning and contrast it with...

Question 9

A woman complains to her therapist that lately she hasn't "felt like herself." The therapist plans to use a behavior therapy treatment by altering the rewards and punishments in the woman's environment. What is likely to be the first step the therapist takes in setting up this treatment?
A) Define the woman's problem in terms of observable behaviors.
B) Interview people the woman knows to determine the extent of the problem.
C) Obtain baseline data for how often and when the problem occurs.
D) Determine what in the woman's past has been responsible for causing this problem.

Accepted Answer

The answer of A woman complains to her therapist that...

Question 10

Give your own example of shaping. State the circumstances under which shaping is particularly useful. Explain the meaning of behavior therapy and discuss the basic operant conditioning procedures typically used in it.

Accepted Answer

The answer of Give your own example of shaping. State...

Question 11

A behavioral therapist wants his client to record for a week how often and under what circumstances the client bites his fingernails. The therapist is using which assessment procedure?
A) Direct observation
B) Observation by others
C) Self-report
D) Self-monitoring

Accepted Answer

Self-monitoring involves a client keeping track of their own behavior over time, which would be the appropriate assessment procedure for tracking how often and under what circumstances the client bites their fingernails. Direct observation would require the therapist to be present to observe the behavior, while observation by others would not necessarily provide accurate or detailed information about the behavior. Self-report involves the client describing their behavior, rather than tracking it over time.

Question 12

Which behavior assessment procedure sometimes leads to improvements during the baseline data collection stage of treatment?
A) Direct observation
B) Self-monitoring
C) Observation by others
D) Role playing

Accepted Answer

Self-monitoring involves the individual tracking their own behavior and can sometimes lead to improvements during the baseline data collection stage of treatment as they become more aware of their actions and can modify them accordingly. Direct observation and observation by others are simply ways of collecting data on behavior, while role playing is a therapeutic technique used to practice new behaviors.

Question 13

According to Bandura, behavior therapy procedures
A) are most effective when used in conjunction with other types of treatments.
B) provide people with a method to change themselves once they have decided to do so.
C) are not as effective as behavior therapists claim.
D) are no more effective than providing clients with no treatment.

Accepted Answer

According to Bandura, behavior therapy procedures are effective because they provide people with a method to change themselves once they have decided to do so. This is based on his theory of self-efficacy, which emphasizes the role of personal agency in behavior change. Therefore, choice B is the correct answer. The other options are incorrect because Bandura did not suggest that behavior therapy procedures are only effective when used with other treatments (A), or that they are ineffective (C) or no different from no treatment (D).

Question 14

Therapy based on self-efficacy is designed to help people
A) learn to interact better with others.
B) develop their skills and natural abilities.
C) believe that they can have an impact on the environment and change problem behaviors.
D) deal with the environment more efficiently.

Accepted Answer

Therapy based on self-efficacy aims to help individuals develop their belief in their own capabilities to influence and improve their environment and change problem behaviors. This helps them take actions to effectively deal with challenges and achieve their goals. While improving social interactions and developing natural abilities may be a part of the process, the main focus is on enhancing self-efficacy.

Question 15

The conditioned stimulus (CS) and unconditioned stimulus (UCS) in Watson and Rayner's experiment with a baby known as Little Albert were, respectively,
A) a white rat and a slap on the wrist.
B) a loud noise and crying.
C) fear responses and a loud noise.
D) a white rat and a loud noise.

Accepted Answer

In Watson and Rayner's experiment with Little Albert, the conditioned stimulus (CS) was a white rat, while the unconditioned stimulus (UCS) was a loud noise. The loud noise elicited an unconditioned response (UCR) of fear in Little Albert, and through conditioning, the rat became associated with the fear response, causing Little Albert to react fearfully even when presented with the rat alone.

Question 16

Which of the following has not been shown to be a result of self-efficacy beliefs?
A) Overcoming posttraumatic stress disorder
B) Overcoming paranoid schizophrenia
C) Overcoming test anxiety
D) Greater academic achievement

Accepted Answer

While self-efficacy beliefs have been shown to be associated with improved outcomes in many areas, research has not shown that they lead to overcoming paranoid schizophrenia. Management of schizophrenia typically involves a combination of medication, therapy, and support.

Question 17

The self-monitoring method may have problems due to the fact that
A) it cannot be used to assess the progress of treatment.
B) it may be contaminated by self-report measures.
C) the client is not a trained psychotherapist.
D) the client may be dishonest about his or her behavior.

Accepted Answer

The answer of The self-monitoring method may have problems due...

Question 18

A psychologist teaches a snake-phobic client to relax. She then has the client imagine increasingly vivid scenes about snakes while relaxing. The psychologist is using which type of therapy?
A) Systematic desensitization
B) Aversion therapy
C) Reinforcement therapy
D) Biofeedback

Accepted Answer

The psychologist is using systematic desensitization, which involves gradually exposing the client to their phobia while they are in a relaxed state, in order to reduce the fear response.

Question 19

Critics of behaviorism point out that
A) behaviorists give too much attention to the role of heredity.
B) there are limits on the usefulness and effectiveness of basic conditioning principles.
C) behaviorists need to do more research with lab animals and less with human participants.
D) behaviorists have failed to test many of their ideas with empirical studies.

Accepted Answer

Critics of behaviorism argue that while basic conditioning principles can be effective in certain situations, there are limits to their usefulness and effectiveness. Some behaviors are more complex and cannot be explained solely by the stimulus-response conditioning model. Additionally, behaviorism has been criticized for ignoring the role of cognition, emotion, and internal mental processes in shaping behavior.

Question 20

Critics of behaviorism have raised each of the following points except one. Which one?
A) Studies with laboratory animals have limited use when explaining human behavior.
B) Heredity plays a larger role in personality than behaviorists acknowledge.
C) The therapeutic procedures derived from conditioning principles appear to be ineffective.
D) Cognition plays a larger role in behavior than strict behaviorists acknowledge.

Accepted Answer

Critics have raised the points that studies with laboratory animals have limited use in explaining human behavior, heredity plays a larger role in personality than behaviorists acknowledge, and cognition plays a larger role in behavior than strict behaviorists acknowledge. However, critics have not raised the point that the therapeutic procedures derived from conditioning principles appear to be ineffective. In fact, behavior therapy has been found to be highly effective in treating a range of psychological disorders.

Quiz 13: The Behavioralsocial Learning Approach: Theory, Application, and Assessment

A woman shows no interest in socializing with other people. How might a behaviorist explain this behavior?

A woman suffers from stage fright. If you were to use the most effective method to change her efficacy expectation for overcoming this problem, you would probably

A behavioral therapist wants to teach a client to relax. The therapist wants to teach the client to pay attention to when his muscles are tense. However, the client complains that he cannot tell when his muscles are tense. What type of treatment will the therapist probably try?

Which of the following treatments for problem behaviors would be an application of operant conditioning?

Systematic desensitization is used by behavior therapists to help clients suffering from which problem?

Aversion therapy is based on which concept?

According to self-efficacy theory, the extent of people's beliefs that they can bring about outcomes is referred to as

A woman complains to her therapist that lately she hasn't "felt like herself." The therapist plans to use a behavior therapy treatment by altering the rewards and punishments in the woman's environment. What is likely to be the first step the therapist takes in setting up this treatment?

Give your own example of shaping. State the circumstances under which shaping is particularly useful. Explain the meaning of behavior therapy and discuss the basic operant conditioning procedures typically used in it.

A behavioral therapist wants his client to record for a week how often and under what circumstances the client bites his fingernails. The therapist is using which assessment procedure?

Which behavior assessment procedure sometimes leads to improvements during the baseline data collection stage of treatment?

According to Bandura, behavior therapy procedures

Therapy based on self-efficacy is designed to help people

The conditioned stimulus (CS) and unconditioned stimulus (UCS) in Watson and Rayner's experiment with a baby known as Little Albert were, respectively,

Which of the following has not been shown to be a result of self-efficacy beliefs?

The self-monitoring method may have problems due to the fact that

A psychologist teaches a snake-phobic client to relax. She then has the client imagine increasingly vivid scenes about snakes while relaxing. The psychologist is using which type of therapy?

Critics of behaviorism point out that

Critics of behaviorism have raised each of the following points except one. Which one?