Question 1

The results of Dixon and Gould (1998) on married couples and collaborative cognition illustrates

Accepted Answer

The results of Dixon and Gould (1998) showed that there was no significant difference in performance between older couples and younger couples in collaborative cognition tasks. Therefore, option C is the correct answer.

Question 2

The results of Adams and colleagues on adults storytelling illustrate the importance of

Accepted Answer

The results of Adams and colleagues emphasize the importance of considering social context when examining age-related performance. Specifically, the study found that younger adults were better at telling stories when the stories were designed to fit their expectations of a well-formed story, while older adults were better at telling stories in a more open-ended, social context where multiple interpretations were possible.

Question 3

The most appropriate conclusion to draw from research on personal control is

Accepted Answer

Research on personal control has shown that it is multidimensional and complex, encompassing beliefs about one's abilities, the influence of external factors, and the degree of control one has over different domains of life. It is not simply a linear process of increasing or decreasing with age, and can vary greatly among individuals and across different situations. Therefore, option C is the most appropriate conclusion to draw from research on personal control.

Question 4

Older adults are more likely to change their initial impressions when information follows initially information.

Accepted Answer

The answer of Older adults are more likely to change...

Question 5

The way people create initial impressions is called .

Accepted Answer

The answer of The way people create initial impressions is...

Question 6

Sixty-eight-year-old twins Mary and Tina are trying to solve a crossword puzzle by working together. This is an example of

Accepted Answer

Collaborative cognition refers to when individuals work together to solve a problem or complete a task. In this case, Mary and Tina are working together to solve the crossword puzzle, which is an example of collaborative cognition. Metacognition refers to the process of thinking about one's own thinking and learning, while mnemonics and external strategies are specific techniques or strategies used to improve memory or learning.

Question 7

In the theory of personal control developed by Heckhausen and Schulz, changing one's goals is referred to as

Accepted Answer

Changing one's goals is referred to as secondary control in the theory of personal control developed by Heckhausen and Schulz. Secondary control involves adapting to circumstances that cannot be changed, such as through acceptance or changing one's goals. Primary control, on the other hand, involves actively trying to change the situation itself. Possible selves are future selves that individuals envision and strive to become, while problem-focused coping mechanisms involve actively addressing the problem causing stress through problem-solving and action.

Question 8

Jessica has forgotten a few appointments. However she doesn't think it is her fault. Instead she blames her secretary for forgetting to mark her calendar and remind her. According to Brandtstädter, Jessica is said to be engaging in

Accepted Answer

Immunizing mechanisms are the ways in which individuals protect their self-esteem and maintain their sense of control by attributing external factors to their failures rather than accepting personal responsibility. In this scenario, Jessica is attributing blame to her secretary rather than accepting that she may have forgotten the appointments herself, indicating her engagement in immunizing mechanisms. Options B, C, and D do not accurately describe Jessica's behavior in this situation.

Question 9

. is when we draw on experience to tell us how to behave.

Accepted Answer

The answer of . is when we draw on experience...

Question 10

What control strategies are related to preserving a positive perspective as we age?

Accepted Answer

All three control strategies (minimizing, accommodations, and assimilative activities) are related to preserving a positive perspective as we age. Minimizing involves avoiding or reducing negative experiences, accommodations involve adapting to changes and finding new ways to achieve goals, and assimilative activities involve focusing on positive aspects of life and creating new meaning and purpose. By using all three of these strategies, individuals can maintain a positive outlook and enjoy a fulfilling life as they age.

Question 11

When older adults do not correct their initial impression because negative information is more striking and affects them more strongly, they are exhibiting a .

Accepted Answer

The answer of When older adults do not correct their...

Question 12

Dixon and colleagues found that when older adults worked together to recall a story

Accepted Answer

Research from Dixon and colleagues suggests that when older adults work together to recall a story, their performance is better than when working alone.

Question 13

When a person ignores evidence of declines or blames it on something else he or she is said to be engaging in .

Accepted Answer

The answer of When a person ignores evidence of declines...

Question 14

A 35-year-old man loses his job and is now actively searching for a new job. According to Heckhausen and Schulz this is an example of

Accepted Answer

The answer of A 35-year-old man loses his job and...

Question 15

The theory of personal control developed by Heckhausen and Schulz proposes that as people get older, they are more likely to exert control in their lives by using

Accepted Answer

The answer of The theory of personal control developed by...

Question 16

When two or more people work together to solve a problem or task, they are engaging in

Accepted Answer

When two or more people work together to solve a problem or task, they engage in collaborative cognition, which refers to the sharing and integration of knowledge, skills, and perspectives to arrive at a common understanding and solution. Collaboration allows for diverse perspectives and ideas to be considered, potentially leading to more creative and effective solutions. Primary control refers to individual efforts to change the situation or environment to fit one's needs, metacognition refers to the awareness and understanding of one's own thought processes, and problem-focused coping refers to efforts to actively address and manage a specific problem or stressor.

Question 17

In the theory of personal control developed by Heckhausen and Schulz, changing the environment to achieve one's goals is referred to as

Accepted Answer

Primary control refers to taking action to change the environment to achieve one's goals. This can include seeking out new resources, modifying the situation, or acquiring new skills. Secondary control refers to adapting oneself to the environment in order to maintain a sense of control, such as changing one's expectations or goals. Possible selves refer to the future selves that individuals envision for themselves, and problem-focused coping mechanisms refer to strategies used to directly address a problem or stressor.

Question 18

An 82-year-old women decides she is not able to drive on the interstate any more so she decides this is not necessary because she can get to most locations by driving on streets. According to Heckhausen and Schulz this is an example of

Accepted Answer

This is an example of secondary control, which is adjusting oneself to fit the environment rather than changing the environment itself. The woman is accepting her limitations and modifying her behavior to work within them, rather than trying to change her abilities or the road system.

Question 19

When older adults were asked to learn a story so they could retell it later to a group of young children, their stories

Accepted Answer

Older adults, when asked to learn a story for the purpose of retelling it to young children, often adapt their storytelling to be more engaging and accessible for their audience. This adaptation can lead to stories that are more detailed, as they might include simpler language, more vivid descriptions, or additional elements to ensure the story is understood and enjoyed by children. This effort to make the story more relatable and engaging for a younger audience can result in a narrative that is richer in details compared to versions told by younger adults who might not feel the need to make such adjustments.

Question 20

In the theory of personal control developed by Heckhausen and Schulz, control is viewed as

Accepted Answer

The theory of personal control developed by Heckhausen and Schulz views control as a motivational system that regulates human behavior. It emphasizes the importance of setting goals, making plans, and taking action to achieve desired outcomes, as well as the impact of past experiences and feedback on beliefs about one's ability to exercise control over the environment.

Quiz 8: Social Cognition