Question 1

Passive consent occurs when

Accepted Answer

Passive consent, also known as "opt-out" consent, occurs when consent is assumed unless an individual explicitly declines. This is often used in situations where parents are considered to have given their consent for their child's participation in a study or activity by not returning a consent form, indicating they do not object.

Question 2

In Milgram's obedience to authority experiments research participants believed they were delivering electric shock to another person when in fact they were not. This is a good example of

Accepted Answer

Active deception involves the researcher providing false information to the participants, as was the case in Milgram's experiments where participants were misled to believe they were administering electric shocks.

Question 3

In which of the following studies would it be ethically necessary to obtain informed consent to collect and use the data?

Accepted Answer

Informed consent is ethically necessary when conducting research that involves direct intervention or interaction with individuals, especially when it involves vulnerable populations such as children. In option A, trying a new behavior modification technique on a hyperactive 5-year-old child directly involves the child in the research and potentially impacts their well-being, making informed consent from the child's guardian essential. Options B, C, and D involve observations of public behavior where individuals are not directly interacted with or identified, and thus, do not typically require informed consent.

Question 4

IRB uses the term "minimal risk" which means

Accepted Answer

Minimal risk refers to the likelihood and magnitude of harm or discomfort anticipated in the research that are not greater than those ordinarily encountered in daily life or during the performance of routine physical or psychological examinations or tests.

Question 5

In which of the following situations has the principle of informed consent been violated?

Accepted Answer

The principle of informed consent requires that participants are fully informed about the nature of the research, including any potential risks or discomforts, before agreeing to participate. Failing to disclose that the study involves reading scenarios about incest violates this principle, as it withholds important information that could affect an individual's decision to participate.

Question 6

Using informed consent at part of a research study adheres to which of the following APA general moral principles?

Accepted Answer

The answer of Using informed consent at part of a...

Question 7

Dr. Doe was investigating the reaction to fear stimuli in children ages 8-12 and obtained parental consent for them to participate. In addition to getting the parental consent, Dr. Doe gave each child information about the experiment in which they were to participate and asked them if they would participate. In asking the children if they would participate, Dr. Doe obtained

Accepted Answer

Dr. Doe obtained the child's assent, which is a term used to describe the process of getting agreement to participate from individuals who are not legally able to give informed consent (in this case, children), but who are old enough to understand the study in a simplified form and agree to participate.

Question 8

As a member of the IRB you have received a research study to review and report on at the next IRB meeting. In reviewing and considering all aspects of the study you focus on the aspect of how the benefits of the study should be distributed. Should the research participants benefit most and should the research participants in the control group benefit as much as those in the experimental group. Such deliberations involve the moral principle of

Accepted Answer

The moral principle of justice involves considerations about how the benefits and burdens of research should be distributed among participants. This principle is concerned with fairness in the distribution of benefits and risks, ensuring that no group of participants is unduly burdened or unfairly excluded from the potential benefits of research, including those in control groups.

Question 9

Although it has been shown to be useful in research, fundamentally deception violates which APA standard?

Accepted Answer

Informed consent is a fundamental ethical standard in research, according to the American Psychological Association (APA). It requires that participants are fully informed about the nature of the research and any potential risks or benefits before they agree to participate. Deception violates this standard because it involves misleading participants about some aspect of the research, thereby preventing them from making a fully informed decision about their participation.

Question 10

Most psychological studies have participants give _____consent in which they both verbally agree to participate and sign a consent form agreeing to participate.

Accepted Answer

Active consent involves both verbal agreement and signing a consent form, indicating an active decision to participate.

Question 11

A study by Resnick and Schwartz 1973) on verbal conditioning compared participants who were fully informed about the researcher's exact procedure with participants who were simply given a rationale for the study and a description of the task they were to perform. What were the findings of this research?

Accepted Answer

The fully informed participants did not demonstrate verbal conditioning as expected, indicating that awareness of the conditioning process can influence the effectiveness of the conditioning.

Question 12

Dr. Marcell conducted a memory experiment in which he investigated the role of mental imagery on recall. The participants were told that their memory for words would be tested, but they were not informed about the imagery manipulation prior to participating.

Accepted Answer

Passive deception involves withholding certain information from participants, such as the specific purpose of the study or certain aspects of the methodology, which is considered ethically acceptable when it does not harm the participants and is necessary for the integrity of the research. In this case, not informing participants about the imagery manipulation prior to the experiment is a form of passive deception used to prevent biasing the results, which is acceptable under APA guidelines as long as participants are debriefed afterward.

Question 13

Sometimes it is impossible to "inform" the participant fully at the beginning of an experiment because

Accepted Answer

Disclosing all information about an experiment upfront can sometimes influence participants' behavior, leading to biased or invalid results. This is known as demand characteristics, where participants alter their behavior based on their perceptions of the experiment's purpose.

Question 14

What is meant by "informed consent?"

Accepted Answer

Informed consent means that participants must be fully informed about the procedures and risks involved in a study before they agree to participate. This ensures that they can make an educated decision about their involvement.

Question 15

Which of the following is NOT an integral part of "informed consent?"

Accepted Answer

Informed consent involves explaining the potential risks and benefits, disclosing information that might influence a participant's decision to participate, and answering any questions they might have. Showing participants a complete copy of the Institutional Review Board (IRB) proposal is not a standard requirement for informed consent.

Question 16

Some fear that the use of deception in psychological experiments leads to distrust of the field of psychology, is an unnecessary invasion of privacy, and is a denial of self-determination. Follow-up studies of research participants have shown

Accepted Answer

Follow-up studies have shown that participants generally do not mind deception and often accept it as necessary for conducting effective psychological research.

Question 17

Studies that are granted_____ reviews by IRB involve no more than minimal risk, while studies that are granted______ reviews by IRB involve more than minimal risk.

Accepted Answer

Expedited reviews by an Institutional Review Board (IRB) are for studies involving no more than minimal risk, while full board reviews are required for studies that involve more than minimal risk.

Question 18

It has been shown that giving participants all information about the experiment before they participate, as opposed to sufficient information to decide about participating,

Accepted Answer

Providing participants with all the details about an experiment beforehand can influence their behavior, expectations, or responses during the experiment, thereby potentially altering the outcomes. This phenomenon is related to demand characteristics, where participants form an interpretation of the experiment's purpose and unconsciously change their behavior to fit that interpretation.

Question 19

As a member of a developmental research team you are given the responsibility of obtaining parental consent for a group of kindergarten children to participate in a research study. You want to make the process of getting parental consent as easy as possible so you prepare the informed consent and then have the kindergarten give each child the consent form with instructions to give it to their parents for them to read and sign and return it only if they do not want their child to participate in the study. This approach would involve

Accepted Answer

This approach involves passive consent because it assumes consent if there is no response from the parents, rather than requiring an active step to participate.

Question 20

In which of the following situations would assent be used?

Accepted Answer

Assent is typically used with special populations, such as minors or individuals who may not have the capacity to give full legal consent on their own. In these cases, assent is sought in addition to the consent of a legal guardian or representative to ensure that the participant is willing to take part in the research.

Quiz 4: Ethics