Question 1

Which of the following factors would be expected to influence experience-dependent processes:

Accepted Answer

A

Question 2

Cerebral hemispheres:

Accepted Answer

The cerebral hemispheres are anatomically different, generally control different functions, and can compensate for each other to some extent if one is damaged, making all of the statements correct.

Question 3

The biological foundation of social development that focuses on visual, olfactory, and tactile capacities present at birth is referred to as:

Accepted Answer

Biological preparedness refers to the innate capacities and predispositions that humans have, which facilitate the development of certain skills or behaviors, including social development. This concept includes the sensory capacities present at birth, such as visual, olfactory, and tactile abilities, that help newborns bond with caregivers and begin to navigate their social world.

Question 4

The cerebral cortex:

Accepted Answer

The cerebral cortex is known for its role in complex brain functions, including memory, attention, perceptual awareness, thought, language, and consciousness. Specific areas within the cerebral cortex are indeed associated with specific behaviors, a concept that has been extensively mapped and studied in neuroscience.

Question 5

Attention deﬁcit/hyperactivity disorder:

Accepted Answer

ADHD makes it difficult for individuals to track contingencies due to issues with attention and impulse control, which affects their ability to learn from consequences and adjust behavior accordingly. It is not completely genetic, as environmental factors also play a role, and it is more similar in identical twins than fraternal twins due to higher genetic concordance in identical twins.

Question 6

Brain processes that are unique to the individual and responsive to particular cultural, community, and family experiences are called:

Accepted Answer

Experience-dependent brain processes are unique to the individual and are shaped by specific cultural, community, and family experiences, unlike experience-expectant processes which are universal and expected for normal development.

Question 7

The corpus callosum:

Accepted Answer

The corpus callosum facilitates inter-hemispheric communication by connecting the left and right hemispheres of the brain, allowing them to share information. While it is a major pathway for this communication, it is not the only link, and its severance (in procedures like corpus callosotomy) does not always result in severe disruptions to brain functioning, especially when performed to treat severe epilepsy.

Question 8

The outer layer of the cerebrum, which contains the cells that control specific functions such as seeing, hearing, moving, and thinking, is:

Accepted Answer

The cerebral cortex is the outer layer of the cerebrum, responsible for complex functions including vision, hearing, movement, and thought processes.

Question 9

The difference between active gene-environment associations and niche picking is:

Accepted Answer

The answer of The difference between active gene-environment associations and...

Question 10

The two halves of the brain's cerebrum are called:

Accepted Answer

The two halves of the brain's cerebrum are known as the cerebral hemispheres. These hemispheres are connected by the corpus callosum, but the term "cerebral hemispheres" specifically refers to the two halves themselves.

Question 11

The two connected hemispheres of the brain are the:

Accepted Answer

The answer of The two connected hemispheres of the brain...

Question 12

People's genes result in them to seek out experiences compatible with their inherited tendencies. This is called:

Accepted Answer

Active gene-environment association refers to the process where individuals seek out environments and experiences that are compatible with their genetic predispositions.

Question 13

People's inherited tendencies elicit certain environmental responses. This is called:

Accepted Answer

An evocative gene-environment association refers to the phenomenon where an individual's inherited characteristics (genetic tendencies) evoke or bring about specific responses from the environment. This means that the environment reacts in certain ways because of the genetic traits of the individual.

Question 14

Brain processes that are universal, and experienced by all human beings across evolution are called:

Accepted Answer

Experience-expectant processes are universal brain processes that have evolved to expect certain types of input (e.g., visual, auditory) in order to develop properly. These processes are experienced by all human beings across evolution, as they are based on the common environmental inputs that our brains are wired to expect and use for development.

Question 15

A disorder characterized by a persistent pattern of impulsivity is:

Accepted Answer

Attention Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) is characterized by a persistent pattern of inattention and/or hyperactivity-impulsivity that interferes with functioning or development.

Question 16

Fraternal twins who develop from two different eggs fertilized by two different sperm, producing two different zygotes are:

Accepted Answer

Fraternal twins develop from two different eggs fertilized by two different sperm, which makes them dizygotic. Monozygotic twins, on the other hand, develop from a single egg that splits into two, leading to genetically identical offspring.

Question 17

Which of the following exemplifies an evocative gene-environment association?

Accepted Answer

Evocative gene-environment associations occur when an individual's (heritable) behavior elicits specific responses from the environment. In choice B, the child's genetic tendencies towards antisocial behavior and defiance provoke a particular reaction from the environment, in this case, physical punishment from parents.

Question 18

An alternate form of a gene is called:

Accepted Answer

An allele is an alternate form of a gene that arises by mutation and is found at the same place on a chromosome.

Question 19

The reason people typically have two alleles is:

Accepted Answer

People typically have two alleles for each gene because they inherit one allele from each parent. This is a fundamental principle of Mendelian genetics.

Question 20

Dizygotic twins are unlike fraternal twins in that:

Accepted Answer

Dizygotic twins and fraternal twins are terms that refer to the same concept: twins that develop from two different eggs fertilized by two different sperm. Therefore, both statements A and B are incorrect in distinguishing between the two, as they are actually describing the same type of twins.

Quiz 3: Biological Foundations: Roots in Neurons and Genes