Students of globalization such as Castells argue that the costs of non-participation in the new global economy are growing larger and larger for underdeveloped countries and that they have little choice but to attempt to participate in it.

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Manuel Castells, a prominent sociologist, has argued that in the era of globalization, the gap between participating and non-participating countries in the global economy widens, making it increasingly detrimental for underdeveloped countries to remain outside of global economic networks. Participation is seen as essential for development and catching up with the rest of the world.

Students of Globalization Such as Castells Argue That the Costs