According to Maryanski and Turner, individuals in horticultural societies are trapped in the "cage of kinship," whereas in agrarian societies they are trapped largely in the "cage of power."

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Maryanski and Turner argue that in horticultural societies, social structures and individual roles are primarily defined by kinship relations, limiting social mobility and individual freedom. In contrast, agrarian societies develop more complex hierarchical structures, where power and authority, rather than kinship, play a more significant role in organizing social life, thus creating a different form of constraint on individuals.

According to Maryanski and Turner, Individuals in Horticultural Societies Are