A Few Scientific Studies Have Been Published, Which Indicate That

A few scientific studies have been published, which indicate that the degree of wage discrimination is fairly slight. This claim is based on which of the following points?

A) Women are not as productive as men, ceteris paribus.
B) Women are not as highly educated as men, ceteris paribus.
C) Women are far more likely to have interrupted their careers for family-related responsibilities.
D) Women are not given as many opportunities as men.
E) Women are lack of motivation and confidence when comparing to men.